A system (10) for modifying atmospheric conditions is disclosed. The system (10) comprises a tower (20), at least one first rod (42) and at least one second rod (62), each of the at least one first rod (42) and the at least one second rod (62) coupled to the tower (20) to extend from the tower (20) and define an end distal (46, 66) from the tower (20), wherein the at least one second rod (62) is spaced apart from the at least one first rod (42) along a height (H.sub.T) of the tower (20). The system (10) further includes a first set of emission wires (70) extending between the end (46) of the at least one first rod (42) and the end (66) of the at least one second rod (62).

Methods of geoengineering are provided to create shade by reflecting solar radiation into space to mitigate global warming, as well as reduce storm severity, and other applications. These methods rely on dispersing hollow silicate microspheres into the atmosphere, or into orbit, by aircraft or rocket, where the silicate microspheres can optionally comprise additions of one of boron or sodium, or both. Silicate microspheres manufactured on the Moon can be delivered to Earth or L1 orbit as an alternative to lofting from Earth’s surface. Hollow silicate microspheres are more than 6 times the size of comparable solid SRM particles. This method substantially improves reflectivity, solar-powered lofting, and, in the presence of liquid water aerosols, the greater surface area enables improved carbon dioxide capture.

Methods of geoengineering are provided to create shade by reflecting solar radiation into space to mitigate global warming, as well as reduce storm severity, and other applications. These methods rely on dispersing hollow silicate microspheres into the atmosphere, or into orbit, by aircraft or rocket, where the silicate microspheres can optionally comprise additions of one of boron or sodium, or both. Silicate microspheres manufactured on the Moon can be delivered to Earth or L1 orbit as an alternative to lofting from Earth’s surface. Hollow silicate microspheres are more than 6 times the size of comparable solid SRM particles. This method substantially improves reflectivity, solar-powered lofting, and, in the presence of liquid water aerosols, the greater surface area enables improved carbon dioxide capture.

A method of mitigating the formation of a hurricane comprising the steps of, upon detection of a tropical depression dispatching, to the center of a disturbance, a plurality of vessels modified for stirring and mixing of ocean water. The vessels undertake a cyclonic annular track at the center of the disturbance that will enhance the cooling of the ocean surface layer and reduce ocean spray therefore interfere with hurricane production, and continuing said activity while following said center of said disturbance until the threat of a hurricane is eliminated. A similar method may be used to promote the formation of a hurricane causing said plurality of vessels to undertake an anti-cyclonic circulation annular track to enhance a Coriolis inflow of warm surface water and the increase in ocean spray in order to directly promote hurricane production.

A method of mitigating the formation of a hurricane comprising the steps of, upon detection of a tropical depression dispatching, to the center of a disturbance, a plurality of vessels modified for stirring and mixing of ocean water. The vessels undertake a cyclonic annular track at the center of the disturbance that will enhance the cooling of the ocean surface layer and reduce ocean spray therefore interfere with hurricane production, and continuing said activity while following said center of said disturbance until the threat of a hurricane is eliminated. A similar method may be used to promote the formation of a hurricane causing said plurality of vessels to undertake an anti-cyclonic circulation annular track to enhance a Coriolis inflow of warm surface water and the increase in ocean spray in order to directly promote hurricane production.

It is disclosed an apparatus (2) for precipitation of water, comprising a plurality of spraying nozzles (4) for ejecting droplets (6); at least one insulated charging electrode (36), arranged adjacent to the plurality of spraying nozzles (4), for ionizing the droplets (6), wherein the charging electrode (36) is connected to a high-voltage direct current power supply (10). Further, it is disclosed a method for operating an apparatus (2) for precipitation of water, wherein the apparatus (2) is operated in at least one of the following modes: simultaneous operation of the plurality of spraying nozzles (4) for ejecting droplets (6) and of the at least one insulated charging electrode (36); operation of the insulated emitter electrode (8) alone; intermittent operation of the plurality of spraying nozzles (4), the insulated charging electrode (36) and the insulated emitter electrode (8), or operation of the plurality of spraying nozzles (4), the insulated charging electrode (36) and the insulated emitter electrode (8) at the same time.

It is disclosed an apparatus (2) for precipitation of water, comprising a plurality of spraying nozzles (4) for ejecting droplets (6); at least one insulated charging electrode (36), arranged adjacent to the plurality of spraying nozzles (4), for ionizing the droplets (6), wherein the charging electrode (36) is connected to a high-voltage direct current power supply (10). Further, it is disclosed a method for operating an apparatus (2) for precipitation of water, wherein the apparatus (2) is operated in at least one of the following modes: simultaneous operation of the plurality of spraying nozzles (4) for ejecting droplets (6) and of the at least one insulated charging electrode (36); operation of the insulated emitter electrode (8) alone; intermittent operation of the plurality of spraying nozzles (4), the insulated charging electrode (36) and the insulated emitter electrode (8), or operation of the plurality of spraying nozzles (4), the insulated charging electrode (36) and the insulated emitter electrode (8) at the same time.

A method alters genetic material of a plant, which is capable of growing flower buds, when grown from soil and in an atmosphere. The method includes modifying the soil to have a pH below 7.0. The method also includes the step of eliminating free oxygen in the atmosphere when the flower buds of the plant become visible.

A method alters genetic material of a plant, which is capable of growing flower buds, when grown from soil and in an atmosphere. The method includes modifying the soil to have a pH below 7.0. The method also includes the step of eliminating free oxygen in the atmosphere when the flower buds of the plant become visible.

Described herein are coated chloride salt particles, including NaCl/TiO.sub.2 and NaCl/SiO.sub.2 core/shell particles, along with methods of making and using the same.