According to an example aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of selectively catalytically reducing dinitrogen oxide present in a gaseous sample, comprising: providing a catalyst capable of reducing dinitrogen oxide; bringing the gaseous sample into contact with the catalyst to reduce dinitrogen oxide in the gaseous sample in the presence of the catalyst; wherein as a result of the reduction step, the gaseous sample is adapted for determination of the amount of an isotopic form of CO.sub.2 in the gaseous sample.

According to an example aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of selectively catalytically reducing dinitrogen oxide present in a gaseous sample, comprising: providing a catalyst capable of reducing dinitrogen oxide; bringing the gaseous sample into contact with the catalyst to reduce dinitrogen oxide in the gaseous sample in the presence of the catalyst; wherein as a result of the reduction step, the gaseous sample is adapted for determination of the amount of an isotopic form of CO.sub.2 in the gaseous sample.

Provided are a waste gas processing device, a vacuum coating system, and an operation method of the waste gas processing device. The waste gas processing device is configured to remove and recover arsenic in the waste gas, and includes a condensation portion and a scraping portion. The condensation portion is provided with a condensation cavity, and an air inlet, an air outlet and a discharge port communicated with the condensation cavity. A partial surface of the scraping portion abutting against an inner wall surface of the condensation cavity. The present disclosure solves a problem in a conventional art that an economic cost of a waste gas processing device is too high during the removal and recovery of arsenic in waste gas.

Provided are a waste gas processing device, a vacuum coating system, and an operation method of the waste gas processing device. The waste gas processing device is configured to remove and recover arsenic in the waste gas, and includes a condensation portion and a scraping portion. The condensation portion is provided with a condensation cavity, and an air inlet, an air outlet and a discharge port communicated with the condensation cavity. A partial surface of the scraping portion abutting against an inner wall surface of the condensation cavity. The present disclosure solves a problem in a conventional art that an economic cost of a waste gas processing device is too high during the removal and recovery of arsenic in waste gas.

A cryopump includes a cryopump including: a refrigerator; a first cryopanel including a radiation shield; and a second cryopanel enclosed by the first cryopanel and cooled to a lower temperature than that of the first cryopanel. The radiation shield includes an attaching pedestal located lateral to the second cryopanel for attachment of the refrigerator to the radiation shield, and a shield portion adjacent to the attaching pedestal and enclosing the second cryopanel. A lateral gap is formed between the second cryopanel and the attaching pedestal. A gap part continuing into the lateral gap is formed between the second cryopanel and the shield portion. The second cryopanel is shaped and/or located such that the lateral gap is comparable in width to the gap part.

A cryopump includes a cryopump including: a refrigerator; a first cryopanel including a radiation shield; and a second cryopanel enclosed by the first cryopanel and cooled to a lower temperature than that of the first cryopanel. The radiation shield includes an attaching pedestal located lateral to the second cryopanel for attachment of the refrigerator to the radiation shield, and a shield portion adjacent to the attaching pedestal and enclosing the second cryopanel. A lateral gap is formed between the second cryopanel and the attaching pedestal. A gap part continuing into the lateral gap is formed between the second cryopanel and the shield portion. The second cryopanel is shaped and/or located such that the lateral gap is comparable in width to the gap part.

A multi-pass distillation system has a boiling flask with a side exit portal which is functionally connected to a condenser, which is, in turn, functionally connected to one or more cold traps. The condenser condenses wet vapors into liquid while the cold traps protect a pump which is used to suction the air through the system from the boiling flask through the condenser and cold traps. In this manner, one can more accurately collect fractions by way of a sideways exit from the boiling flask, near the top of the flask, with a condenser extending into a body of the spherical flask, such as at a 45 degree angle.

A multi-pass distillation system has a boiling flask with a side exit portal which is functionally connected to a condenser, which is, in turn, functionally connected to one or more cold traps. The condenser condenses wet vapors into liquid while the cold traps protect a pump which is used to suction the air through the system from the boiling flask through the condenser and cold traps. In this manner, one can more accurately collect fractions by way of a sideways exit from the boiling flask, near the top of the flask, with a condenser extending into a body of the spherical flask, such as at a 45 degree angle.

An end closure for a superconductive electric cable which has at least one superconductive conductor which is surrounded by a tubular cryostat serving for conducting a cooling agent, which at its end is surrounded by a housing. The housing (G) has two walls (7, 8) which are separated from each other by an intermediate space (9) and having insulating material, wherein a thermal insulation containing gas is placed in the intermediate space. The pressure in the intermediate space (9) of the housing (G) is adjusted to a value of between 10.sup.9 mbar and 1000 mbar and, connected to the intermediate space (9) are a pressure measuring device (12) and a vacuum pump (11) which serve for adjusting the pressure prevailing in the intermediate space (9) of the housing (G).

A method for removal of a foulant from a carrier gas is disclosed. A solids conveyance device that spans a vessel and a solids coolant system are provided. A cold solid foulant is provided to the solid inlet of the vessel. The carrier gas containing the foulant is provided to the carrier gas inlet of the vessel. The foulant condenses or desublimates onto the recycled solid foulant, forming a foulant-depleted carrier gas and a solid foulant product. The solids conveyance device passes the solid foulant product out of the vessel. The foulant-depleted carrier gas leaves the vessel. The solid foulant product is split into a final solid foulant product and a recycled solid foulant. The recycled solid foulant is cooled through the coolant system to produce the cold solid foulant. In this manner, the foulant is removed from the carrier gas.