A method for producing a magnetic material includes: selecting a mixture of isotopes of a chemical element having a desired magnetic characteristic; identifying an isotope in the mixture of isotopes meeting a selection criterion; removing the identified isotope from the mixture of isotopes using an isotope separation device to produce an enriched mixture of isotopes having a decreased concentration of the identified isotope; wherein the enriched mixture of isotopes is the magnetic material.

Methods for separating isotopes are provided. An embodiment of such a method comprises directing a supersonic beam characterized by an average velocity v and velocity distribution v/v, the beam comprising a first isotope and a second isotope, at a single-crystalline surface at an angle of incidence .sub.i such that the first isotope elastically scatters from the surface with a peak angle .sub.fl and the second isotope elastically scatters from the surface with a peak angle .sub.f2; and selectively collecting the scattered first isotope, the scattered second isotope, or both. Apparatus for carrying out the methods are also provided.

Thermal cycling devices are provided. In one embodiment, a thermal cycling device includes a packed tube comprising an inlet portion defining an inlet and an outlet portion defining an outlet. The packed tube is provided in a double coil arrangement, wherein the double coil arrangement causes radially neighboring turns of the packed tube to have opposing flow directions therethrough. The thermal cycling device further includes a cooling device disposed axially adjacent to the packed tube, and a heating device disposed axially adjacent to the packed tube opposite the cooling device.

Thermal cycling devices are provided. In one embodiment, a thermal cycling device includes a packed tube comprising an inlet portion defining an inlet and an outlet portion defining an outlet. The packed tube is provided in a double coil arrangement, wherein the double coil arrangement causes radially neighboring turns of the packed tube to have opposing flow directions therethrough. The thermal cycling device further includes a cooling device disposed axially adjacent to the packed tube, and a heating device disposed axially adjacent to the packed tube opposite the cooling device.

Disclosed are methods and systems for hydrogen isotope exchange of organic molecules that can be carried out with no alteration in the chemical structure of the organic molecules. Methods can be utilized to incorporate a particular hydrogen isotope on an organic molecule (e.g., deuteration or tritiation) or to remove a particular hydrogen isotope from an organic molecule (e.g., detritiation).

Disclosed are methods and systems for hydrogen isotope exchange of organic molecules that can be carried out with no alteration in the chemical structure of the organic molecules. Methods can be utilized to incorporate a particular hydrogen isotope on an organic molecule (e.g., deuteration or tritiation) or to remove a particular hydrogen isotope from an organic molecule (e.g., detritiation).

Methods and systems directed to the separation of tritium from an aqueous stream are described. The separation method is a multi-stage method that includes a first stage during which tritium of a tritium-contaminated aqueous stream is adsorbed onto a separation phase, a second stage during which the adsorbed tritium is exchanged with hydrogen in a gaseous stream to provide a gaseous stream with a high tritium concentration, and a third stage during which the tritium of the gaseous stream is separated from the gaseous stream as a gaseous tritium product.

A system for relocating polluted air includes a tubular chamber with an inlet at one end, an outlet at a end, and auxiliary venturi inlets between the inlet and the outlet. There is at least one fan arranged within the tubular chamber. The fan flows air from outside of the tubular chamber, through the tubular chamber and out of the tubular chamber through the outlet. A compression chamber compresses air before entering the heating chamber. There is at least one heating element within the heating chamber. The heating element(s) heat the air, thereby increasing the velocity of the air through the tubular chamber. The air exits the tubular chamber through the outlet, directed vertically and upward towards upper strata of the atmosphere to redirect the air (and pollutants) into the upper strata of the atmosphere. In some embodiments, filters and scrubbers are provided within the tubular chamber for reducing pollutants.

Atomic forcipes is a nanomechanical magnetoelectric element having an insulator, an atom-thick conductive graphene sheet suspended as a heterostructure onto the insulator, and a gallery between the insulator and the graphene sheet. Atomic forcipes can be actuated acoustically or electromagnetically. Activation generates a chemical potential of directionally enhanced chemical reaction rate. Atomic forcipes can be formed by selecting enhanced graphene having a particle size, providing piezoelectric smectite clay of the particle size, combining graphene particles with clay, adding a compatibilizer, and irradiating with ultrasound, UV, or microwaves. Isotope separation apparatus and methods are supported by atomic forcipes. A method by mixing an aqueous phase suspension of atomic forcipes with nuclear magnetic isotope (NMI) ions, applying ultrasound to promote NMI ion intercalation, applying ultraviolet light to generate free radicals on the NMI ions, and extracting enriched NMI ions from the piezoelectric sheets. Another method employs nuclear spin using nuclear magnetic stiction.

The device is designed for production of light, highly pure water with a high content of light molecules .sup.1H.sub.2 .sup.16O.

The technical results are productivity increasIIITII of the device and a reduction in energy costs per unit of the finished product.

The device is equipped with a heat pump, the distillation column consists of two coaxial tubes of diameter D1 and D2 with a layer of random packing located in the gap between them, where (D1D2)/2<300 mm, and the liquid distributor at the top of the column has at least 800 irrigation points per square meter of the cross-sectional area of the packing part of the column.