The invention relates to a method of regenerating the catalytic activity of a spent catalyst comprising nickel on a refractory oxide support, said method comprising the steps of contacting the spent catalyst with a nitric acid solution, heat-treating the spent catalyst, calcining and reducing the catalyst.

The present invention relates to a process for starting up a reactor for preparation of phthalic anhydride by the catalytic oxidation of ortho-xylene and/or naphthalene, containing a bed of shaped catalyst bodies and within a temperature-controlled salt bath. The industrial production of phthalic anhydride from ortho-xylene and/or naphthalene is affected by selective gas phase oxidation in a shell and tube reactor cooled with a salt bath, which may contain several thousand reactor tubes. There are 4 to 5 different catalyst layers in each reactor, which are introduced into each reactor successively in axial direction.

A catalyst has a carrier and a hydrogenation active metal component supported on the carrier. The hydrogenation active metal component contains at least one Group VIB metal component and at least one Group VIII metal component, and the carrier is composed of phosphorus-containing alumina. When the hydrogenation catalyst is measured using a hydrogen temperature programmed reduction method (H.sub.2-TPR), the ratio of the peak height of the low-temperature reduction peak, P.sub.low-temp peak, at a temperature of 300-500° C. to the peak height of the high-temperature reduction peak, P.sub.hi-temp peak, at a temperature of 650-850° C., i.e. S=P.sub.low-temp peak/P.sub.hi-temp peak, is 0.5-2.0; preferably 0.7-1.9, and more preferably 0.8-1.8. The hydrogenation catalyst shows excellent heteroatom removal effect and excellent stability when used in hydrotreatment.

The present invention relates to a selective catalytic reduction catalyst for the treatment of an exhaust gas of a diesel engine comprising: a flow-through substrate comprising an inlet end, an outlet end, a substrate axial length extending from the inlet end to the outlet end and a plurality of passages defined by internal walls of the flow through substrate extending therethrough; a coating disposed on the surface of the internal walls of the substrate, wherein the coating comprises a non-zeolitic oxidic material comprising manganese and one or more of the metals of the groups 4 to 11 and 13 of the periodic table, and further comprises one or more of a vanadium oxide and a zeolitic material comprising one or more of copper and iron.

Disclosed is a system and method related to removal of carbon from carbon dioxide via the use of plasma arc heating techniques. The method involves generating C atoms and H atoms from C.sub.xH.sub.y. The method involves generating graphite and H.sub.2 from the C atoms and H atoms, and extracting the graphite. The method involves quenching the H.sub.2 with C.sub.xH.sub.y. The method involves receiving, at a generator, the quenched the H.sub.2 and C.sub.xH.sub.y and generating electricity. The method involves generating a concentrated stream of H.sub.2 from the quenched H.sub.2 and C.sub.xH.sub.y. The method involves receiving CO.sub.2 and the concentrated stream of H.sub.2 and generating C, O, and H atoms. The method involves receiving the C, O, and H atoms and generating graphite, wherein the graphite is extracted. In the hydrocarbon C.sub.xH.sub.y: x is an integer 1, 2, 3, . . . , and y=2x+2.

The present disclosure relates to apparatus and processes for pyrolysis of feeds, such as plastic feeds. In at least one embodiment, a process includes introducing a plastic melt including a plastic component into a reactor via a nozzle coupled with the reactor. The process includes introducing a catalyst into the reactor via a first conduit coupling the reactor with a riser or a regenerator. The process includes pyrolyzing the plastic component to form a pyrolysis product. The process includes removing the pyrolysis product from the reactor via a second conduit disposed at a top ½ height of the reactor. The process includes removing the catalyst from the reactor via a third conduit disposed at a bottom ½ height of the reactor, wherein the catalyst removed from the reactor comprises ash.

A reactor apparatus, includes: a reactor chamber having an inlet through which treatment liquid containing by-products is introduced and having an interior space; a burner at a lower end portion of the reactor chamber to burn waste gas; a guide member above the burner and configured to allow the treatment liquid to flow outwardly of the burner; a water reservoir between the burner and the guide member, the water reservoir having a double pipe structure having an inner wall portion and an outer wall portion, and through which water supplied through a water inlet is configured to flow between the inner wall portion and the outer wall portion; and a cover member coupled to an upper end portion of the water reservoir and configured to cover a space between the inner wall portion and the outer wall portion, wherein an upper end of the outer wall portion is above an upper end of the inner wall portion, wherein a plurality of bumps are on a bottom surface of the cover member spaced apart from each other in a circumferential direction, the plurality of bumps configured to form a gap of several hundred pm between the bottom surface of the cover member and an upper surface of the inner wall portion of the water reservoir.

A reactor apparatus, includes: a reactor chamber having an inlet through which treatment liquid containing by-products is introduced and having an interior space; a burner at a lower end portion of the reactor chamber to burn waste gas; a guide member above the burner and configured to allow the treatment liquid to flow outwardly of the burner; a water reservoir between the burner and the guide member, the water reservoir having a double pipe structure having an inner wall portion and an outer wall portion, and through which water supplied through a water inlet is configured to flow between the inner wall portion and the outer wall portion; and a cover member coupled to an upper end portion of the water reservoir and configured to cover a space between the inner wall portion and the outer wall portion, wherein an upper end of the outer wall portion is above an upper end of the inner wall portion, wherein a plurality of bumps are on a bottom surface of the cover member spaced apart from each other in a circumferential direction, the plurality of bumps configured to form a gap of several hundred pm between the bottom surface of the cover member and an upper surface of the inner wall portion of the water reservoir.

Provided herein are novel devices, systems, and methods of using the same, that enable plasma-enhanced pyrolysis of biogenic waste material comprising pyrolysis systems including primary tuyeres for introduction of natural gas directly to a molten lava bed, one or more plasma torches for introducing inert gas into the system, together with mechanisms for capture and collection of combustion products including, but not limited to, turquoise hydrogen and carbon black.

Provided herein is a method and a device for continuous synthesis of graphene. The device includes a container having a space for holding a carbon source, wherein the container has an entry opening for receiving the carbon source material, at least two electrodes for applying an electrical current through the space for joule heating the carbon source, wherein the space for joule heating the carbon source is between the at least to electrodes, and a movement component for moving the carbon source, with respect to the container, into the entry opening in a first direction and the at least two electrodes apply the electrical current in a second direction, wherein the first direction is not the same as the second direction.