Methods and compositions related to a selective catalytic reduction catalyst comprising iron and vanadium, wherein the vanadium is present as (1) one or more vanadium oxides, and (2) metal vanadate of the form Fe.sub.xM.sub.yVO.sub.4 where x=0.2 to 1 and y=1−x, and where M comprises one or more non-Fe metals when y>0.

A nanoparticle cluster reduction method yields a new composition of matter including a large percentage (e.g., 75% or higher percentage) of primary nanoparticles in the new composition of matter. The particle reduction method reduces the size of nanoparticle clusters in material of the new composition of matter, allows particle reduction of specific nanoparticle cluster sizes, and allows particle reduction to primary nanoparticles. This new composition of matter can include a high permittivity and high resistivity dielectric compound. This new composition of matter, according to certain examples, has high permittivity, high resistivity, and low leakage current. In certain examples, the new composition of matter constitutes a dielectric energy storage device that is a battery with very high energy density, high operating voltage per cell, and an extended battery life cycle. An example method can include a controlled gas evolution reaction to reduce the size of nanoparticle clusters.

The invention relates to a process for preparing a synthetic IZM-2 zeolite, which consists in performing a hydrothermal treatment of an aqueous gel containing a source of silicon and a source of amorphous aluminium, two nitrogenous or structuring organic compounds including two quaternary ammonium functions, 1,6-bis(methylpiperidinium)hexane dihydroxide and 1,6-bis(methylpiperidinium)hexane dibromide, used as a mixture, in combination with a source of a specific alkali metal chloride M (preferably NaCl), the aqueous gel not comprising any source of at least one fluoride anion.

The invention describes single-site metal catalysts such as Pt single-site centers with a 3,6-di-2-pyridyl-1,2,4,5-tetrazine (DPTZ) ligand on support such as a powdered MgO, Al.sub.2O.sub.3, CeO.sub.2 or mixtures thereof.

A feedstock flexible process for converting feedstock into oil and gas includes (i) indirectly heated hydrous devolatilization of volatile feedstock components, (ii) indirectly heated thermochemical conversion of fixed carbon feedstock components, (iii) heal integration and recovery, (iv) vapor and gas pressurization, and (v) vapor and gas clean-up and product recovery. A system and method for feedstock conversion includes a thermochemical reactor integrated with one or more hydrous devolatilization and solids circulation subsystems configured to accept a feedstock mixture, comprised of volatile feedstock components and fixed carbon feedstock components, and continuously produce a volatile reaction product stream therefrom, while simultaneously and continuously capturing, transferring, and converting the fixed carbon feedstock components to syngas.

The proposed method relates to the processing of carbon-containing raw material and may be used to obtain products containing amorphous silica and amorphous carbon of varying degrees of purity. The technical result consists in simplifying the production of a product containing amorphous silica and increasing the yield efficiency for such a product by decreasing the temperature to which the carbon-containing raw material is exposed. The method of producing a product containing amorphous silica and amorphous carbon includes the steps in which a carbon-containing raw material is dried at a temperature of 150-200° C. and the dried raw material is subjected to heat treatment at a temperature of 400-600° C., wherein the heat treatment is performed in the presence of an activator made of a readily fusible alloy. A device for carrying out the method is also proposed.

The invention is directed to a chemical reactor (100) having (a) two or more gas reactor elements (12) with each gas reactor element (12) having (i) a first reaction chamber (38), and (ii) a feed assembly unit (36), (b) a second reaction chamber (20) coupled with each of the two or more gas reactor elements (12) and configured to independently receive two or more product streams from the two or more gas reactor elements (12); and optionally, (c) a gas converging section (40) located downstream to the second reaction chamber (20). The invention is further directed to a method of producing chemical products using the chemical reactor (100) of the present invention.

A process of calcining aluminium hydroxide (Al.sub.2O.sub.3.3H.sub.2O) to form alumina (Al.sub.2O.sub.3), for example in an alumina plant, such as a Bayer process plant, is disclosed. The process comprises combusting hydrogen and oxygen and generating steam and heat 5 and using the heat to calcine aluminium hydroxide and form alumina and more steam. An apparatus is also disclosed.

A process for treating a material, such as by calcination or reduction processes, is disclosed. The process comprises reacting hydrogen and oxygen in a reaction chamber and producing heat and steam, discharging steam from the reaction chamber, using the heat to treat the material and produce a treated material, and returning at least some of the steam discharged from the reaction chamber to the process. An apparatus is also disclosed.

A process for treating a material, such as by calcination or reduction processes, is disclosed. The process comprises reacting hydrogen and oxygen in a reaction chamber and producing heat and steam, discharging steam from the reaction chamber, using the heat to treat the material and produce a treated material, and returning at least some of the steam discharged from the reaction chamber to the process. An apparatus is also disclosed.