Disclosed is an external circulating slurry reactive crystallizer, including a riser, a degassing zone and a downcomer. A lower end of the riser is communicated with a gas inlet pipe, a liquid inlet pipe and a solid feeding pipe, while an upper end of the riser is communicated with a lower end of the degassing zone. An upper end of the downcomer is integrally fixed to a sidewall of the degassing zone. At least one hydrocyclone is arranged at a lower end of the downcomer. The hydrocyclone is provided with an overflow port at an upper end thereof and an underflow port and a valve at a lower end thereof. The overflow port is communicated with the riser. The crystallizer can simultaneously realize reaction, crystallization and separation for continuous production with low cost, regulating and controlling the particle size distribution and morphology of crystals.

Disclosed is an external circulating slurry reactive crystallizer, including a riser, a degassing zone and a downcomer. A lower end of the riser is communicated with a gas inlet pipe, a liquid inlet pipe and a solid feeding pipe, while an upper end of the riser is communicated with a lower end of the degassing zone. An upper end of the downcomer is integrally fixed to a sidewall of the degassing zone. At least one hydrocyclone is arranged at a lower end of the downcomer. The hydrocyclone is provided with an overflow port at an upper end thereof and an underflow port and a valve at a lower end thereof. The overflow port is communicated with the riser. The crystallizer can simultaneously realize reaction, crystallization and separation for continuous production with low cost, regulating and controlling the particle size distribution and morphology of crystals.

Some embodiments of the disclosure pertain to a plant and a process for producing a urea-containing product. The plant comprises a medium pressure dissociation unit and a high pressure CO.sub.2 stripper each receiving a part of the urea synthesis solution. Stripped urea solution is further treated in a medium pressure treatment unit.

Some embodiments of the disclosure pertain to a plant and a process for producing a urea-containing product. The plant comprises a medium pressure dissociation unit and a high pressure CO.sub.2 stripper each receiving a part of the urea synthesis solution. Stripped urea solution is further treated in a medium pressure treatment unit.

A method for making a solid carbon material comprises: delivering a liquid comprising at least one liquid organic compound into a reaction region of a reactor; delivering a gas comprising at least one gaseous organic compound into the reaction region of the reactor; and inducing a chemical reaction between the at least one liquid organic compound and the at least one gaseous organic compound, wherein: the chemical reaction occurs in the reaction region of the reactor; the solid carbon material is made via the reaction; the solid carbon material is made during the reaction in the form of a dispersion comprising the solid carbon material dispersed in the liquid; and the chemical reaction is a homogeneous reaction comprising homogeneous nucleation of the solid carbon material in the reaction region of the reactor.

A reactor and method for the conversion of hydrocarbon gases utilizes a reactor (12, 312, 412, 512, 612, 712) having a unique feed assembly with an original vortex combustion chamber (40, 340, 436, 536, 636, 736), a diverging conduit (48, 348, 448, 548, 648, 748), and a cylindrical reactor chamber (40, 340, 436, 536, 636, 736). This design creates a compact combustion zone and an inwardly swirling fluid flow pattern of the feed gases to form a swirling gas mixture that passes through a diverging conduit (48, 348, 448, 548, 648, 748). The feed streams can be introduced into the reactor at any angle (perpendicular, axial, or something between, or a combination of the above forms) with swirling flow components. This provides conditions suitable for efficient cracking of hydrocarbons, such as ethane, to form olefins.

Described are a high pressure carbamate condenser, urea plant, and urea production process. The high pressure carbamate condenser as described is of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger type with a tube bundle and has a redistribution chamber connected to tubes of the tube bundle and to a duct. The duct extends between the redistribution chamber and the shell.

Described are a high pressure carbamate condenser, urea plant, and urea production process. The high pressure carbamate condenser as described is of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger type with a tube bundle and has a redistribution chamber connected to tubes of the tube bundle and to a duct. The duct extends between the redistribution chamber and the shell.

A process for performing a continuous gas/liquid biphasic high-pressure reaction, wherein a gas and a liquid are introduced into a backmixed zone of a reactor and in the backmixed zone the gas is dispersed in the liquid by stirring, injection of gas and/or a liquid jet, a reaction mixture consecutively traverses the backmixed zone and a zone of limited backmixing, and a liquid reaction product is withdrawn at a reaction product outlet of the zone of limited backmixing, wherein the reactor comprises: an interior formed by a cylindrical vertically oriented elongate shell, a bottom and a cap, wherein the interior is divided by means of internals into the backmixed zone, the zone of limited backmixing and a cavity, a first cylindrical internal element which in the interior extends in the longitudinal direction of the reactor and which delimits the zone of limited backmixing from the backmixed zone, backmixing-preventing second internal elements in the form of random packings, structured packings or liquid-permeable trays arranged in the zone of limited backmixing and a third internal element which in the interior extends in the longitudinal direction of the reactor and is open at the bottom, wherein the third internal element forms the cavity in which gas bubbles collect and do not escape upwards, thus preventing the volume of the cavity from being occupied by liquid and reducing the reaction volume. The reaction volume of the reactor used in the process can be reversibly reduced in simple fashion. The invention further relates to a process for adapting the reaction volume of a reactor suitable for performing a gas/liquid biphasic high-pressure reaction having an outlet for a liquid reaction product in which an internal element is arranged so as to form a cavity open at the bottom in which gas bubbles collect and do not escape upwards, thus preventing the volume of the cavity from being occupied by liquid and reducing the reaction volume.

A process for performing a continuous gas/liquid biphasic high-pressure reaction, wherein a gas and a liquid are introduced into a backmixed zone of a reactor and in the backmixed zone the gas is dispersed in the liquid by stirring, injection of gas and/or a liquid jet, a reaction mixture consecutively traverses the backmixed zone and a zone of limited backmixing, and a liquid reaction product is withdrawn at a reaction product outlet of the zone of limited backmixing, wherein the reactor comprises: an interior formed by a cylindrical vertically oriented elongate shell, a bottom and a cap, wherein the interior is divided by means of internals into the backmixed zone, the zone of limited backmixing and a cavity, a first cylindrical internal element which in the interior extends in the longitudinal direction of the reactor and which delimits the zone of limited backmixing from the backmixed zone, backmixing-preventing second internal elements in the form of random packings, structured packings or liquid-permeable trays arranged in the zone of limited backmixing and a third internal element which in the interior extends in the longitudinal direction of the reactor and is open at the bottom, wherein the third internal element forms the cavity in which gas bubbles collect and do not escape upwards, thus preventing the volume of the cavity from being occupied by liquid and reducing the reaction volume. The reaction volume of the reactor used in the process can be reversibly reduced in simple fashion. The invention further relates to a process for adapting the reaction volume of a reactor suitable for performing a gas/liquid biphasic high-pressure reaction having an outlet for a liquid reaction product in which an internal element is arranged so as to form a cavity open at the bottom in which gas bubbles collect and do not escape upwards, thus preventing the volume of the cavity from being occupied by liquid and reducing the reaction volume.