A reactor and method for the conversion of hydrocarbon gases utilizes a reactor (12, 312, 412, 512, 612, 712) having a unique feed assembly with an original vortex combustion chamber (40, 340, 436, 536, 636, 736), a diverging conduit (48, 348, 448, 548, 648, 748), and a cylindrical reactor chamber (40, 340, 436, 536, 636, 736). This design creates a compact combustion zone and an inwardly swirling fluid flow pattern of the feed gases to form a swirling gas mixture that passes through a diverging conduit (48, 348, 448, 548, 648, 748). The feed streams can be introduced into the reactor at any angle (perpendicular, axial, or something between, or a combination of the above forms) with swirling flow components. This provides conditions suitable for efficient cracking of hydrocarbons, such as ethane, to form olefins.

A reactor and method for the conversion of hydrocarbon gases utilizes a reactor (12, 312, 412, 512, 612, 712) having a unique feed assembly with an original vortex combustion chamber (40, 340, 436, 536, 636, 736), a diverging conduit (48, 348, 448, 548, 648, 748), and a cylindrical reactor chamber (40, 340, 436, 536, 636, 736). This design creates a compact combustion zone and an inwardly swirling fluid flow pattern of the feed gases to form a swirling gas mixture that passes through a diverging conduit (48, 348, 448, 548, 648, 748). The feed streams can be introduced into the reactor at any angle (perpendicular, axial, or something between, or a combination of the above forms) with swirling flow components. This provides conditions suitable for efficient cracking of hydrocarbons, such as ethane, to form olefins.

A catalytic solar reactor useful in chemical processes, more particularly, useful in endothermic chemical processes. The reactor comprises a reaction pathway defined by an exterior wall and an interior wall, the exterior wall comprising a solar radiation receiver capable of converting solar radiation into heat and transmitting the heat to the reaction pathway. Further, the reaction pathway has disposed therein, in alternating fashion, a plurality of catalytic elements and a plurality of heat transfer elements. Optionally, a supplementary heater, such as a conventional fossil fuel burner, is disposed in a plenum located within the interior of the reactor. The heater is employed as a supplemental source of heat, for example, when solar radiation is unavailable.

Ceramic compositions with catalytic activity are provided, along with methods for using such catalytic ceramic compositions. The ceramic compositions correspond to compositions that can acquire increased catalytic activity by cyclic exposure of the ceramic composition to reducing and oxidizing environments at a sufficiently elevated temperature. The ceramic compositions can be beneficial for use as catalysts in reaction environments involving swings of temperature and/or pressure conditions, such as a reverse flow reaction environment. Based on cyclic exposure to oxidizing and reducing conditions, the surface of the ceramic composition can be converted from a substantially fully oxidized state to various states including at least some dopant metal particles supported on a structural oxide surface.

A multi-autoclave lateral conversion module includes a central mixing process pipe having first and second terminal ends, a heating unit providing heated air at the first terminal end of the central mixing process pipe, two or more gas injection units connected to opposing sides of the central mixing process pipe at a first addition point located between the first and the second terminal ends, and each gas injection unit receiving the process discharge gas from an autoclave unit. The process discharge gas is transmitted from an autoclave unit through the gas injection unit into the central mixing process pipe where it mixes with the process discharge gas from the other autoclave unit, and then the mixed process gases are converted. Process units other than autoclaves can also utilize the module and method provided.

A multi-autoclave lateral conversion module includes a central mixing process pipe having first and second terminal ends, a heating unit providing heated air at the first terminal end of the central mixing process pipe, two or more gas injection units connected to opposing sides of the central mixing process pipe at a first addition point located between the first and the second terminal ends, and each gas injection unit receiving the process discharge gas from an autoclave unit. The process discharge gas is transmitted from an autoclave unit through the gas injection unit into the central mixing process pipe where it mixes with the process discharge gas from the other autoclave unit, and then the mixed process gases are converted. Process units other than autoclaves can also utilize the module and method provided.

A gas reactor may include a reactor chamber having a first end, a second end, and a lateral surface that extends between the first end and the second end. The gas reactor may include a torch inlet positioned at the first end of the reactor chamber, and the torch inlet may be configured for input flow of a fuel in a first flow direction. The gas reactor may include a reactant inlet positioned at the second end of the reactor chamber and configured to cause a reactant to flow into the reactor chamber in a second flow direction. The fuel or the reactant may move through the reactor chamber in a vortex flow pattern. The gas reactor may include an outlet port positioned at the second end of the reactor chamber in which the outlet port is configured for output flow of a product from the reactor chamber.

A method and apparatus for: providing a ceria aerogel and copper nanoparticle catalyst, flowing a hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and water vapor source gas from an inlet into contact with the catalyst to produce a product gas, and flowing the product gas to an outlet. The concentration of carbon monoxide in the product gas is no more than 50% of the concentration of carbon monoxide in the source gas. The concentration of hydrogen in the product gas is no less than 90% of the concentration of hydrogen in the source gas.

Provided is a method of producing a silicon compound material, including the steps of: storing a silicon carbide preform in a reaction furnace; supplying a raw material gas containing methyltrichlorosilane to the reaction furnace to infiltrate the preform with silicon carbide; and controlling and reducing a temperature of a gas discharged from the reaction furnace at a predetermined rate to subject the gas to continuous thermal history, to thereby decrease generation of a liquid or solid by-product derived from the gas.

Provided is an apparatus for preparing oligomer including: a reactor for carrying out oligomerization reaction by supplying a monomer stream and a solvent stream; and line 1 and line 2 which are separately provided in a lower side of the reactor, wherein line 1 includes a first level control valve and line 2 includes a second level control valve, and the reactor is periodically alternately operated in first operation mode and second operation mode, thereby switching a pipe through which the product is discharged, so that a plugging phenomenon of the pipe through which the product is discharged and the valve can be prevented.