A method for preparing high-temperature, active particle-containing steam. The method includes: 1) preparing steam; selecting one or several non-oxidizing gases as a working gas; ionizing the working gas into a plasma working medium by using a plasma generator; and 2) injecting the plasma working medium into a high-temperature steam generator to form high-temperature ionized environment while introducing the steam into the high-temperature steam generator for allowing the steam to contact with the plasma working medium so that the steam is heated and activated to form active particle-containing steam. A device for preparing the high-temperature, active particle-containing steam is also provided.

An evaporative gas generating device and a method for producing evaporative gas. A hydrogen bromide production device and a method for producing hydrogen bromide are also disclosed. The hydrogen bromide production device is provided with an evaporative gas generating device (1) that generates bromine gas, and a reactor (3) that reacts the bromine gas with hydrogen gas to form hydrogen bromide. The evaporative gas generating device (1) is provided with a container (10) that accommodates liquid bromine (B), and heating jackets (35, 36) that supply heat to a wall surface of the container (10), and heat and evaporate the liquid bromine (B) within a liquid accommodating part (15) of the container (10) to raise the temperature of the bromine gas within the evaporative gas accommodating part (16).

An evaporative gas generating device and a method for producing evaporative gas. A hydrogen bromide production device and a method for producing hydrogen bromide are also disclosed. The hydrogen bromide production device is provided with an evaporative gas generating device (1) that generates bromine gas, and a reactor (3) that reacts the bromine gas with hydrogen gas to form hydrogen bromide. The evaporative gas generating device (1) is provided with a container (10) that accommodates liquid bromine (B), and heating jackets (35, 36) that supply heat to a wall surface of the container (10), and heat and evaporate the liquid bromine (B) within a liquid accommodating part (15) of the container (10) to raise the temperature of the bromine gas within the evaporative gas accommodating part (16).

The present invention relates to methods and apparatus to provide coated microbubbles, particularly but not exclusively microbubbles at least partially coated with a component, for example a clinically active component. Systems of the present invention use electromagnetic fields to move microbubbles between streams of liquids in order to perform coating or washing steps.

A process for producing syngas in a first reactor, the process comprising: feeding carbon dioxide, hydrogen and first hydrocarbons into the first reactor; at least partially oxidizing the first hydrocarbons in the first region of the first reactor; producing syngas from the carbon dioxide, hydrogen and the oxidized first hydrocarbons in a second region of the first reactor.

A radiant, non-catalytic recuperative reformer has a flue gas flow path for conducting hot exhaust gas from a thermal process and a reforming mixture flow path for conducting a reforming mixture. At least a portion of the reforming mixture flow path is positioned adjacent to the flue gas flow path to permit heat transfer from the hot exhaust gas to the reforming mixture. The reforming mixture flow path contains substantially no material commonly used as a catalyst for reforming hydrocarbon fuel (e.g., nickel oxide, platinum group elements or rhenium), but instead the reforming mixture is reformed into a higher calorific fuel via reactions due to the heat transfer and residence time. In a preferred embodiment, a portion of the reforming mixture flow path is positioned outside of flue gas flow path for a relatively large residence time.

The present disclosure provides an apparatus for preparing oligomer including: a reactor; a gas-liquid separator; a solvent transfer line; a second transfer line; a first spray nozzle unit; and a second spray nozzle unit. The apparatus is capable of improving stability of the entire process by including a first spray nozzle unit and a second spray nozzle unit in a reactor and thus preventing by-products containing polymer substances such as C20+ from being entrained with a desired product during a reaction.

Integrated liquid fuel catalytic partial oxidation (CPOX) reformer and fuel cell systems can include a plurality or an array of spaced-apart CPOX reactor units, each reactor unit including an elongated tube having a gas-permeable wall with internal and external surfaces. The wall encloses an unobstructed gaseous flow passageway. At least a portion of the wall has CPOX catalyst disposed therein and/or comprising its structure. The catalyst-containing wall structure and open gaseous flow passageway enclosed thereby define a gaseous phase CPOX reaction zone, the catalyst-containing wall section being gas-permeable to allow gaseous CPOX reaction mixture to diffuse therein and hydrogen rich product reformate to diffuse therefrom. The liquid fuel CPOX reformer also can include a vaporizer, one or more igniters, and a source of liquid reformable fuel. The hydrogen-rich reformate can be converted to electricity within a fuel cell unit integrated with the CPOX reactor unit.

The present invention relates to a process, reactor and system to produce self-standing two-dimensional nanostructures, using a microwave-excited plasma environment. The process is based on injecting, into a reactor, a mixture of gases and precursors in stream regime. The stream is subjected to a surface wave electric field, excited by the use of microwave power which is introduced into a field applicator, generating high energy density plasmas, that break the precursors into its atomic and/or molecular constituents. The system comprises a plasma reactor with a surface wave launching zone, a transient zone with a progressively increasing cross-sectional area, and a nucleation zone. The plasma reactor together with an infrared radiation source provides a controlled adjustment of the spatial gradients, of the temperature and the gas stream velocity.

The invention relates to a urea plant with a CO.sub.2 and a NH.sub.3 feed, which comprises a purge line, characterized in that the purge line is connected with a fuel gas input line of a utility plant or an NH.sub.3 plant.