An apparatus for manufacturing a quantum dot is provided, the apparatus including a first supplying part that provides a cationic precursor, a second supplying part that provides an anionic precursor, a mixing part connected to the first supplying part and the second supplying part, and a reaction part including a reaction tube configured to receive a liquid mixture of the cationic precursor and the anionic precursor from the mixing part and a first microwave generator configured to provide a microwave that is transmitted through the reaction tube. Therefore, the apparatus may produce a quantum dot of multi-element compounds.

A Venturi pump chlorine dioxide generation device with one or more special ninety-degree bends with half-spherical mixing stations including: at least one ninety-degree bend with two half-spherical mixing stations between the sodium hypochlorite introduction point and the acid source introduction point, at least two ninety-degree bends with two half-spherical mixing stations between the acid source point and the sodium chlorite introduction point, and at least two ninety-degree bends with two half-spherical mixing stations between the sodium chlorite introduction point and the vacuum chamber of the Veturi pump. Each ninety-degree bend with two half-spherical mixing stations is a ninety-degree section or elbow section of cylindrical conduit or pipe wherein the two outer segments of the ninety-degree bend each have a spherical shaped expansion area to create a half-spherical concave section inside the conduit or pipe instead of the typical hollow cylindrical shape of conduit or pipe

A Venturi pump chlorine dioxide generation device with one or more special ninety-degree bends with half-spherical mixing stations including: at least one ninety-degree bend with two half-spherical mixing stations between the sodium hypochlorite introduction point and the acid source introduction point, at least two ninety-degree bends with two half-spherical mixing stations between the acid source point and the sodium chlorite introduction point, and at least two ninety-degree bends with two half-spherical mixing stations between the sodium chlorite introduction point and the vacuum chamber of the Veturi pump. Each ninety-degree bend with two half-spherical mixing stations is a ninety-degree section or elbow section of cylindrical conduit or pipe wherein the two outer segments of the ninety-degree bend each have a spherical shaped expansion area to create a half-spherical concave section inside the conduit or pipe instead of the typical hollow cylindrical shape of conduit or pipe

Apparatus and methods for producing a sanitizing composition are described. The apparatus includes: (1) one or more first reactors for heating alcohol with a cannabidiol (“CBD”) and/or a cannabigerol (CBG) to produce an intermediate sanitizing composition; and (2) a first homogenizing subsystem including a first homogenizing blade for mixing alcohol with the intermediate sanitizing composition to produce a first homogenized composition. Methods of the present teachings include: (1) mixing alcohol with a CBD and/or a CBG to produce an intermediate sanitizing composition; (2) cooling the intermediate sanitizing composition to a temperature that ranges from about 10° C. to about 30° C. to produce a cooled intermediate sanitizing composition; and (3) admixing the cooled intermediate sanitizing composition with an alcohol and water solution to produce the sanitizing composition.

Apparatus and methods for producing a sanitizing composition are described. The apparatus includes: (1) one or more first reactors for heating alcohol with a cannabidiol (“CBD”) and/or a cannabigerol (CBG) to produce an intermediate sanitizing composition; and (2) a first homogenizing subsystem including a first homogenizing blade for mixing alcohol with the intermediate sanitizing composition to produce a first homogenized composition. Methods of the present teachings include: (1) mixing alcohol with a CBD and/or a CBG to produce an intermediate sanitizing composition; (2) cooling the intermediate sanitizing composition to a temperature that ranges from about 10° C. to about 30° C. to produce a cooled intermediate sanitizing composition; and (3) admixing the cooled intermediate sanitizing composition with an alcohol and water solution to produce the sanitizing composition.

A method for controlling the catalytic oxidation of cellulose includes using a heterocyclic nitroxyl compound as catalyst; oxidizing cellulose in a reaction mixture comprising liquid medium, the catalyst and hypochlorite as main oxidant; analyzing one or more oxidative chlorine species dependent on the hypochlorite concentration of the reaction mixture on line in the reaction mixture or in a gas composition which is in contact with the reaction mixture; and controlling supply of hypochlorite to the reaction mixture on the basis of the analysis.

A method for controlling the catalytic oxidation of cellulose includes using a heterocyclic nitroxyl compound as catalyst; oxidizing cellulose in a reaction mixture comprising liquid medium, the catalyst and hypochlorite as main oxidant; analyzing one or more oxidative chlorine species dependent on the hypochlorite concentration of the reaction mixture on line in the reaction mixture or in a gas composition which is in contact with the reaction mixture; and controlling supply of hypochlorite to the reaction mixture on the basis of the analysis.

The invention generally relates to systems and methods for increasing reaction yield. In certain embodiments, the invention provides systems for increasing a yield of a chemical reaction that include a pneumatic sprayer configured to generate a liquid spray discharge from a solvent. The solvent includes a plurality of molecules, a portion of which react with each other within the liquid spray discharge to form a reaction product. The system also includes a collector positioned to receive the liquid spray discharge including the unreacted molecules and the reaction product. The system also includes a recirculation loop connected from the collector to the pneumatic sprayer in order to allow the unreacted molecules and the reaction product to be recycled through the pneumatic sprayer, thereby allowing a plurality of the unreacted molecules to react with each other as the unreacted molecules cycle again through the system.

The invention generally relates to systems and methods for increasing reaction yield. In certain embodiments, the invention provides systems for increasing a yield of a chemical reaction that include a pneumatic sprayer configured to generate a liquid spray discharge from a solvent. The solvent includes a plurality of molecules, a portion of which react with each other within the liquid spray discharge to form a reaction product. The system also includes a collector positioned to receive the liquid spray discharge including the unreacted molecules and the reaction product. The system also includes a recirculation loop connected from the collector to the pneumatic sprayer in order to allow the unreacted molecules and the reaction product to be recycled through the pneumatic sprayer, thereby allowing a plurality of the unreacted molecules to react with each other as the unreacted molecules cycle again through the system.

This disclosure relates to methods of converting an HF alkylation unit which utilizes HF as a reaction catalyst to a sulfuric acid alkylation unit which utilizes sulfuric acid as a reaction catalyst. This disclosure also relates to a segmented sulfuric acid settler for separating a sulfuric acid phase from a hydrocarbon phase. This disclosure also relates to methods of converting a vertical HF acid settler to a segmented sulfuric acid settler. This disclosure also relates to converted sulfuric acid alkylation units and alkylation processes performed in the converted sulfuric acid alkylation units.