Embodiments of the present disclosure provide for methods of making quantum dots (QDs) (passivated or unpassivated) using a continuous flow process, systems for making QDs using a continuous flow process, and the like. In one or more embodiments, the QDs produced using embodiments of the present disclosure can be used in solar photovoltaic cells, bio-imaging, IR emitters, or LEDs.

Embodiments of the present disclosure provide for methods of making quantum dots (QDs) (passivated or unpassivated) using a continuous flow process, systems for making QDs using a continuous flow process, and the like. In one or more embodiments, the QDs produced using embodiments of the present disclosure can be used in solar photovoltaic cells, bio-imaging, IR emitters, or LEDs.

The invention is directed to a process for the continuous preparation of a cycloadduct product from the reaction of a furanic with a dienophile, comprising heating a first liquid feed stream comprising the dienophile and a solvent in which the dienophile is dissolved; providing a second liquid feed stream comprising the furanic; leading the first liquid feed stream and the second liquid feed stream into a continuous reactor to produce a product solution stream comprising the cycloadduct product; and leading the product solution stream to an product isolation zone to produce an isolated cycloadduct product. A further aspect of the invention is an apparatus for carrying out this reaction.

The invention is directed to a process for the continuous preparation of a cycloadduct product from the reaction of a furanic with a dienophile, comprising heating a first liquid feed stream comprising the dienophile and a solvent in which the dienophile is dissolved; providing a second liquid feed stream comprising the furanic; leading the first liquid feed stream and the second liquid feed stream into a continuous reactor to produce a product solution stream comprising the cycloadduct product; and leading the product solution stream to an product isolation zone to produce an isolated cycloadduct product. A further aspect of the invention is an apparatus for carrying out this reaction.

Provided is a method for producing stannous oxide, comprising a step of subjecting stannous sulfate to neutralization in an aqueous solution using ammonium carbonate or ammonium bicarbonate, and thereby precipitating stannous oxide. This production method is a novel means for producing stannous oxide in which chlorine, sulfur, sodium, and potassium are sufficiently reduced, and which has excellent solubility.

A system and method for producing a high-purity and high-activity vanadium electrolyte, comprising converting high-purity vanadium oxytrichloride into an ammonium salt in a fluidized bed by gas phase ammoniation, then in another fluidized bed, reducing the ammonium salt into a low-valence vanadium oxide having an average vanadium valence of 3.5, adding clean water and sulfuric acid for dissolution, and further performing activation by ultrasound to obtain a 3.5-valence vanadium electrolyte which can be directly used in a new all-vanadium redox flow battery stack. The method of producing an ammonium salt containing vanadium in the fluidized bed by gas phase ammoniation is of short process and high efficiency. Precise regulation of the valence state of the reduction product is implemented by arranging an internal member in the reduction fluidized bed, and ultrasonication is used to activate the vanadium ion, thereby greatly improving the activity of the electrolyte.

A system and method for producing a high-purity and high-activity vanadium electrolyte, comprising converting high-purity vanadium oxytrichloride into an ammonium salt in a fluidized bed by gas phase ammoniation, then in another fluidized bed, reducing the ammonium salt into a low-valence vanadium oxide having an average vanadium valence of 3.5, adding clean water and sulfuric acid for dissolution, and further performing activation by ultrasound to obtain a 3.5-valence vanadium electrolyte which can be directly used in a new all-vanadium redox flow battery stack. The method of producing an ammonium salt containing vanadium in the fluidized bed by gas phase ammoniation is of short process and high efficiency. Precise regulation of the valence state of the reduction product is implemented by arranging an internal member in the reduction fluidized bed, and ultrasonication is used to activate the vanadium ion, thereby greatly improving the activity of the electrolyte.

This disclosure relates to methods of converting an HF alkylation unit which utilizes HF as a reaction catalyst to a sulfuric acid alkylation unit which utilizes sulfuric acid as a reaction catalyst. This disclosure also relates to a segmented sulfuric acid settler for separating a sulfuric acid phase from a hydrocarbon phase. This disclosure also relates to methods of converting a vertical HF acid settler to a segmented sulfuric acid settler. This disclosure also relates to converted sulfuric acid alkylation units and alkylation processes performed in the converted sulfuric acid alkylation units.

This disclosure relates to methods of converting an HF alkylation unit which utilizes HF as a reaction catalyst to a sulfuric acid alkylation unit which utilizes sulfuric acid as a reaction catalyst. This disclosure also relates to a segmented sulfuric acid settler for separating a sulfuric acid phase from a hydrocarbon phase. This disclosure also relates to methods of converting a vertical HF acid settler to a segmented sulfuric acid settler. This disclosure also relates to converted sulfuric acid alkylation units and alkylation processes performed in the converted sulfuric acid alkylation units.

The present invention relates to a process for preparing di- and polyamines of the diphenylmethane series (MDA), a system for producing MDA and a process for operating a system for preparing MDA. The invention enables optimization of production standstills during operation of the MDA process with respect to time expenditure and optionally also with respect to energy and material consumption by means of a so-called recirculation mode for individual system components. During interruption of the process or interruption of the operation of individual system components, formaldehyde is not introduced into the reaction and the system components that are not affected by a revision, repair, or cleaning measure are operated in so-called recirculation mode. This enables, among other things, that only the affected system component can be put in standstill during the time period of the measure, which is advantageous in terms of productivity and economy of the process as well as in terms of the quality of the products produced.