Provided is a lithium nitride manufacturing device (10) for heating a lithium member (9) in a nitrogen atmosphere to nitride the lithium member (9) such that lithium nitride is manufactured, the lithium nitride manufacturing device including: a reaction tank (1) where a nitriding reaction of the lithium member (9) is performed; a heating unit (2) that heats the lithium member (9); an atmosphere control unit (3) that controls a dew point in the reaction tank (1); and an atmosphere cooling unit (4) that cools an inside of the reaction tank (1).

Provided is a lithium nitride manufacturing device (10) for heating a lithium member (9) in a nitrogen atmosphere to nitride the lithium member (9) such that lithium nitride is manufactured, the lithium nitride manufacturing device including: a reaction tank (1) where a nitriding reaction of the lithium member (9) is performed; a heating unit (2) that heats the lithium member (9); an atmosphere control unit (3) that controls a dew point in the reaction tank (1); and an atmosphere cooling unit (4) that cools an inside of the reaction tank (1).

One or more reactants are flowed into thermal contact with a heating element in a reactor for a first time period. During a first part of a heating cycle, the one or more reactants are provided with a first temperature by heating with the heating element, such that one or more thermochemical reactions is initiated. The one or more thermochemical reactions includes pyrolysis, thermolysis, synthesis, hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, hydrogenolysis, or any combination thereof. The first heating element operates by Joule heating and has a porous construction that allows gas to flow therethrough. During a second part of the heating cycle, the one or more reactants are provided with a second temperature less than the first temperature, for example, by de-energizing the heating element. A duration of the first time period is equal to or greater than a duration of the heating cycle, which is less than five seconds.

A method of growing carbon nanotubes includes following steps. A reactor is constructed, wherein the reactor includes a reactor chamber and a rotating mechanism inside the reactor chamber. A carbon nanotube catalyst composite layer is applied, the carbon nanotube catalyst composite layer is configured to be rotated by the rotating mechanism in the reactor chamber, and the carbon nanotube catalyst composite layer includes a carbon nanotube layer and a number of catalyst particles dispersed in the carbon nanotube layer. The carbon nanotube catalyst composited layer is positioned inside the reactor chamber. A mixture of carbon source gas and carrier gas is introduced into the reactor chamber. The carbon nanotube catalyst composite layer is rotated. The carbon nanotube catalyst composite layer is heated to grow carbon nanotubes.

A reforming device (1) is provided with, on one end side of a chamber (2), a gas supply part (3) and, on the other end side of the chamber (2), a gas discharge part (4). A support part (5) for supporting a porous material (10) is provided between the gas supply part (3) and the gas discharge part (4) inside the chamber (4). Then, the unsaturated hydrocarbon gas of an unsaturated hydrocarbon supply device (31) and the ozone gas of an ozone generation device (32) are supplied into the chamber (2) via the gas supply part (3) so as to reform the outer-peripheral-side surface and the inner side surface of the porous material (10) accommodated inside the chamber (2). The gas inside the chamber (2) is sucked by the gas discharge part (4) and discharged to the outside of the chamber (2).

A reforming device (1) is provided with, on one end side of a chamber (2), a gas supply part (3) and, on the other end side of the chamber (2), a gas discharge part (4). A support part (5) for supporting a porous material (10) is provided between the gas supply part (3) and the gas discharge part (4) inside the chamber (4). Then, the unsaturated hydrocarbon gas of an unsaturated hydrocarbon supply device (31) and the ozone gas of an ozone generation device (32) are supplied into the chamber (2) via the gas supply part (3) so as to reform the outer-peripheral-side surface and the inner side surface of the porous material (10) accommodated inside the chamber (2). The gas inside the chamber (2) is sucked by the gas discharge part (4) and discharged to the outside of the chamber (2).

A method of charging and/or discharging energy in reusable fuel workpieces or particles includes a solar furnace with counter-flowing workpieces and gas, to exchange heat therebetween, with the exiting gas and workpieces being at about ambient temperature. A further aspect employs a production plant including a reduction reactor configured to use excess electrical energy generated by renewable power generators to charge and/or discharge solid-state thermochemical fuel. Another aspect includes a fuel flow control valve using air pulses. An oxygen-deprived and reusable fuel, such as magnesium manganese oxide, or magnesium iron oxide, is also provided. In another aspect, an apparatus for producing a solid-state fuel includes a reduction reactor including a reactor chamber configured to receive concentrated solar energy, and a reactor tube having a recuperation zone, a reduction zone, and a quenching zone, wherein the reduction zone passes through the reactor chamber. A discharged solid-state fuel is configured to be fed down the reactor tube and a low-oxygen gas is configured to flow up the reactor tube.

The invention provides novel apparatus and processes for gas flow and conditioning to achieve optimal CO.sub.2 curing of articles of composite materials (e.g., precast objects made of carbonatable calcium silicate-based cements), with solid interior or having hollow interior ducts, channels and chambers or otherwise being hollowed out, as well as the precast objects so made, which are suitable for a variety of applications in construction, pavements and landscaping, and infrastructure.

A structured catalyst for catalyzing an endothermic reaction of a feed gas to convert it to a product gas Including at least one macroscopic structure of an electrically conductive material and at least one connector attached to the at least one macroscopic structure, wherein the macroscopic structure supports a catalytically active material.

The present disclosure provides a gas injection system that can include a housing configured to hold a plurality of precursor cartridges comprising one or more precursor materials, and a nozzle extending from the housing, the nozzle having a tip configured for insertion into a sample chamber of a material processing apparatus. The precursor cartridges are fluidly connected to the nozzle to selectively deliver one or more precursor gasses to the sample chamber.