A process for the production of an ester product from a mixture of at least two different ester compounds includes the steps of mixing together at least two different starting ester compounds to form a first ester mixture; and contacting the first ester mixture with a catalyst including from 30-60% of calcium oxide and at least one second metal oxide at a temperature of at least 180° C., for a duration of at least one hour, with mixing, to form a second ester mixture having a melting point which is lower than the melting point of the first ester mixture.

A provision of assemblies and methods for treating exhaust gases from combustion devices to reduce air contaminants in the exhaust gas. The exhaust from a combustion device is cooled, followed by passing the exhaust through first and second catalytic chambers with an oxygen enrichment means in between the catalytic chambers. The catalytic chambers comprise at least one catalyst that substantially reduces nitrogen oxides or carbon monoxide or both.

A provision of assemblies and methods for treating exhaust gases from combustion devices to reduce air contaminants in the exhaust gas. The exhaust from a combustion device is cooled, followed by passing the exhaust through first and second catalytic chambers with an oxygen enrichment means in between the catalytic chambers. The catalytic chambers comprise at least one catalyst that substantially reduces nitrogen oxides or carbon monoxide or both.

A nitrous oxide (N.sub.2O) removal catalyst composite is provided, comprising a N.sub.2O removal catalytic material on a substrate, the catalytic material comprising a rhodium (Rh) component supported on a ceria-based support, wherein the catalyst composite has a H.sub.2-consumption peak of about 100° C. or less as measured by hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction (H.sub.2-TPR). Methods of making and using the same are also provided.

A nitrous oxide (N.sub.2O) removal catalyst composite is provided, comprising a N.sub.2O removal catalytic material on a substrate, the catalytic material comprising a rhodium (Rh) component supported on a ceria-based support, wherein the catalyst composite has a H.sub.2-consumption peak of about 100° C. or less as measured by hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction (H.sub.2-TPR). Methods of making and using the same are also provided.

A core-shell nanoparticle is provided that includes a core comprising a first isotope of an element; an isolation layer surrounding the core; and a shell layer surrounding the isolation layer, wherein the shell layer comprises a second isotope of the element, with the first isotope being different than the second isotope. Methods are also provided for forming such core-shell nanoparticles.

The principles and embodiments of the present invention relate generally to systems and methods for applying a catalytic coating to the outwardly facing edges of the cell walls of a catalytic substrate to reduce the amount of soot that accumulates at the entrances of the substrate cells that can increase back pressure and reduce the flow of exhaust gases through the substrate.

A coated substrate including a substrate including a treated layer, a photocatalytic layer, and a protective layer for impeding photocatalyst derived degradation of the treated layer, the protective layer being provided between the photocatalytic layer and the treated layer, the protective layer comprising colloidal particles distributed in a matrix comprised at least partly of an organosilicon phase which is oxidizable by the reactive oxygen species to form a non-volatile inorganic phase, wherein the organosilicon phase includes a surfactant incorporating an organosilicon component.

A coated substrate including a substrate including a treated layer, a photocatalytic layer, and a protective layer for impeding photocatalyst derived degradation of the treated layer, the protective layer being provided between the photocatalytic layer and the treated layer, the protective layer comprising colloidal particles distributed in a matrix comprised at least partly of an organosilicon phase which is oxidizable by the reactive oxygen species to form a non-volatile inorganic phase, wherein the organosilicon phase includes a surfactant incorporating an organosilicon component.

A carbon structure comprising a mixture and a polymer. The mixture has a base carbon and a catalytic carbon. The polymer has a first binder with a median diameter of less than 10 microns and a second binder with a median diameter between 10 and 70 microns.