A method includes supplying a supersaturated brine stream having a plurality of minerals and anti-scalant from a water treatment system to a gypsum removal system disposed within a mineral removal system. The gypsum removal system includes a gypsum reactor that may receive the supersaturated brine, may deactivate the anti-scalant such that gypsum precipitates from the supersaturated brine, and may generate a gypsum slurry having a mixture of desupersaturated brine, precipitated gypsum, and the anti-scalant in solution with the desupersaturated brine. The method also includes supplying gypsum seed crystals to the gypsum reactor. The gypsum seed crystals may precipitate the gypsum from the supersaturated brine to generate the gypsum slurry. The method also includes directing a first portion of the gypsum slurry from the gypsum reactor to a gypsum settler. The gypsum settler may reactivate the anti-scalant such that the anti-scalant absorbs onto the precipitated gypsum to remove the anti-scalant from the desupersaturated brine and may generate anti-scalant-gypsum crystals and a desupersaturated overflow having at least a portion of the plurality of minerals. The method further includes generating the gypsum seed crystals supplied to the gypsum reactor using the anti-scalant-gypsum crystals.

A method of separating carbon nanotubes by electronic type includes centrifuging a carbon nanotube composition in contact with a first fluid medium comprising a first density gradient; and separating the carbon nanotube composition into two or more separation fractions. The carbon nanotube composition comprises two or more non-ionic amphiphilic surface active components and a carbon nanotube population comprising double-walled carbon nanotubes having a semiconducting outer wall (s-DWCNTs), and double-walled carbon nanotubes having a metallic outer wall (m-DWCNTs). The two or more separation fractions comprise a first separation fraction comprising a carbon nanotube subpopulation comprising a higher percentage of s-DWCNTs than the carbon nanotube population, and a second separation fraction comprising a carbon nanotube subpopulation comprising a higher percentage of m-DWCNTs than the carbon nanotube population.

A method of separating carbon nanotubes by electronic type includes centrifuging a carbon nanotube composition in contact with a first fluid medium comprising a first density gradient; and separating the carbon nanotube composition into two or more separation fractions. The carbon nanotube composition comprises two or more non-ionic amphiphilic surface active components and a carbon nanotube population comprising double-walled carbon nanotubes having a semiconducting outer wall (s-DWCNTs), and double-walled carbon nanotubes having a metallic outer wall (m-DWCNTs). The two or more separation fractions comprise a first separation fraction comprising a carbon nanotube subpopulation comprising a higher percentage of s-DWCNTs than the carbon nanotube population, and a second separation fraction comprising a carbon nanotube subpopulation comprising a higher percentage of m-DWCNTs than the carbon nanotube population.

[Solution] Provided is a water purification agent suitable for use in an automated purification treatment device, when a wastewater purification treatment using a plant-derived water purification agent is performed with the automated purification treatment device. The water purification agent is a granulated product containing a mixture of a plant powder and a polymer coagulant.

A silver particles manufacturing method comprises following steps: providing a silver containing compound; providing an organic solution; adding the silver containing compound into the organic solution, to perform ultrasonic vibrations or a heating process until the silver containing compound is dissolved completely into the organic solution, to form a silver ion solution; performing the ultrasonic vibrations or the heating process, and then let the solution settle down for a period, to form a silver particles synthesized solution; and placing the silver particles synthesized solution into a centrifuge to perform centrifugation and separation, to obtain m-scale silver particles and nm-scale silver particles. The silver particles manufacturing method has the advantages of low pollution, low cost, high yield, and mass production.

A silver particles manufacturing method comprises following steps: providing a silver containing compound; providing an organic solution; adding the silver containing compound into the organic solution, to perform ultrasonic vibrations or a heating process until the silver containing compound is dissolved completely into the organic solution, to form a silver ion solution; performing the ultrasonic vibrations or the heating process, and then let the solution settle down for a period, to form a silver particles synthesized solution; and placing the silver particles synthesized solution into a centrifuge to perform centrifugation and separation, to obtain m-scale silver particles and nm-scale silver particles. The silver particles manufacturing method has the advantages of low pollution, low cost, high yield, and mass production.

Provided is a method for preparing an oligomer including: supplying a monomer stream and a solvent stream to a reactor to perform an oligomerization reaction to prepare a reaction product; supplying a discharge stream from the reactor including the reaction product to a separation device and supplying a lower discharge stream from the separation device to a settling tank; adding an organic flocculant to the settling tank to settle and remove a polymer and supplying the lower discharge stream from the separation device from which the polymer is removed to a high boiling point separation column; and removing a high boiling point material from the lower portion in the high boiling point separation column and supplying an upper discharge stream including an oligomer to a solvent separation column.

The disclosed methods use a multi-phase system to separate samples according to the density of an analyte of interest. The method uses a multi-phase system that comprises two or more phase-separated solutions and a phase component such as a surfactant or polymer. The density of the analyte of interest differs from the densities of the rest of the sample. The density of the analyte of interest is substantially the same as one or more phases. Thus, when the sample is introduced to the multi-phase system, the analyte of interest migrates to the phase having the same density as the analyte of interest, passing through one or more phases sequentially.

The disclosed methods use a multi-phase system to separate samples according to the density of an analyte of interest. The method uses a multi-phase system that comprises two or more phase-separated solutions and a phase component such as a surfactant or polymer. The density of the analyte of interest differs from the densities of the rest of the sample. The density of the analyte of interest is substantially the same as one or more phases. Thus, when the sample is introduced to the multi-phase system, the analyte of interest migrates to the phase having the same density as the analyte of interest, passing through one or more phases sequentially.

The present invention provides a method of analyzing a sample containing an analyte to be qualitatively and/or quantitatively determined, comprising a binding step and a washing step, wherein the binding step comprises: interacting the analyte with beads having a density m1; obtaining a structure of packed beads comprising quantifiable bead complexes having a density m2; and the washing step comprises: dispersing the packed beads in a liquid medium having a density d>m2 and m1; and separating the liquid medium and the beads comprising the quantifiable bead complexes.