In a water treatment system (1) and a water treatment process, a scale inhibitor is supplied to water to be treated containing Ca ions, SO.sub.4 ions, carbonate ions, and silica, and the water to be treated is adjusted to a pH at which silica is soluble. The pH-adjusted water to be treated containing the calcium scale inhibitor is separated in a demineralizing section (10) into concentrated water and treated water. In a crystallizing section (20), seed crystals of gypsum are supplied to the concentrated water, whereby gypsum is crystallized and removed. Silica in the water to be treated is removed from the concentrated water on the downstream side of the crystallizing section (20). Calcium carbonate in the water to be treated is removed from the concentrated water on the upstream side of the demineralizing section (10) or the downstream side of the crystallizing section (20).

A composition, and its method of manufacture, is provided for the settling of solids suspended in liquids passing through a reactor housing containing the composition whereupon the composition can dissolve and enter into the liquid and then contact the suspended solids in the liquid. A system and method of for treating water or sewage is further provided. The system can include a screening tank, a septic tank, a flocculant and mixing reactor, a primary clarifier, a secondary clarifier, a sludge dewatering tank, a surge tank, one or more filter tanks and a disinfection tank. The method can include the steps of receiving water or sewage to be treated and passing it through a screening tank and septic tank, a flocculant reactor, a primary clarifier, a secondary clarifier, a sludge dewatering tank, a surge tank, one or more filter tanks and a disinfection tank.

The present invention provides a method of separating beads in a fluidic chip comprising an internal fluid circuit through which various reactants, in which at least one of the reactants are beads, may be moved by use of centrifugal force, the method comprises the steps of: providing at least a first set of beads (8a) having a density m1 and a second set of beads (8b) having a density m2 in a section (7, 15, 18) of the fluid circuit, the section comprising at least a first outlet (16, 13, 17); providing a first liquid medium in the section, the liquid medium having a density d3, such that m1<d3<m2; and applying a first centrifugal force (G) such that the first set of beads (8a) and the second set of beads (8b) migrates in opposite directions within the section.

The present invention provides a method of separating beads in a fluidic chip comprising an internal fluid circuit through which various reactants, in which at least one of the reactants are beads, may be moved by use of centrifugal force, the method comprises the steps of: providing at least a first set of beads (8a) having a density m1 and a second set of beads (8b) having a density m2 in a section (7, 15, 18) of the fluid circuit, the section comprising at least a first outlet (16, 13, 17); providing a first liquid medium in the section, the liquid medium having a density d3, such that m1<d3<m2; and applying a first centrifugal force (G) such that the first set of beads (8a) and the second set of beads (8b) migrates in opposite directions within the section.

The disclosed methods use a multi-phase system to separate samples according to the density of an analyte of interest. The method uses a multi-phase system that comprises two or more phase-separated solutions and a phase component such as a surfactant or polymer. The density of the analyte of interest differs from the densities of the rest of the sample. The density of the analyte of interest is substantially the same as one or more phases. Thus, when the sample is introduced to the multi-phase system, the analyte of interest migrates to the phase having the same density as the analyte of interest, passing through one or more phases sequentially.

The disclosed methods use a multi-phase system to separate samples according to the density of an analyte of interest. The method uses a multi-phase system that comprises two or more phase-separated solutions and a phase component such as a surfactant or polymer. The density of the analyte of interest differs from the densities of the rest of the sample. The density of the analyte of interest is substantially the same as one or more phases. Thus, when the sample is introduced to the multi-phase system, the analyte of interest migrates to the phase having the same density as the analyte of interest, passing through one or more phases sequentially.

A chemical treatment process and separation module are described for removal of soluble organic compounds and suspended or emulsified oils and/or solids from produced waters that accompany operations for oil and gas recovery. The process occurs in its entirety within an interval of several minutes. The solubility of organic compounds is first reduced, in an optional step, by pH reduction, followed by treatment with coagulants and flocculants, the latter in conjunction with microbubble flotation. The organic compounds that are rendered insoluble, along with other oily solids, are captured in the floe created by the coagulant and flocculant treatment, and simultaneously made buoyant by the concurrent addition of microbubbles. The water and floe is passed over an array of sloped strainers that separates and diverts the floe from the effluent water, which contains significantly reduced soluble organic content. The separated stream of oily solids can be dewatered for disposal as waste.

Provided are a water treatment system and a water treatment process, which are capable of reproducing water containing salts with high water recovery. In the water treatment system (400) and the water treatment process of the present invention, after a calcium scale inhibitor and a silica scale inhibitor are supplied to water to be treated containing Ca ions, SO.sub.4 ions, carbonate ions, and silica, and the water to be treated is separated in a second demineralizing section (210) into second concentrated water in which the Ca ions, the SO.sub.4 ions, the carbonate ions, and the silica are concentrated and treated water. In a second crystallizing section (220), seed crystals of gypsum are supplied to the second concentrated water, whereby gypsum is crystallized and removed from the second concentrated water.

In a water treatment system and a water treatment process, a scale inhibitor is supplied to water to be treated containing Ca ions, SO.sub.4 ions, carbonate ions, and silica, and the water to be treated is adjusted to a pH at which silica is soluble. The pH-adjusted water containing the calcium scale inhibitor is separated in a first demineralizing section into concentrated and treated water. In a first crystallizing section, seed crystals of gypsum are supplied to the first concentrated water, whereby gypsum is crystallized and removed from the first concentrated water. Silica in the water to be treated is removed from the first concentrated water on the downstream side of the first crystallizing section. Calcium carbonate in the water to be treated is removed from the first concentrated water on the upstream side of the first demineralizing section or the downstream side of the first crystallizing section.

The present teachings provide, in part, methods of separating two-dimensional nanomaterials by atomic layer thickness. In certain embodiments, the present teachings provide methods of generating boron nitride nanomaterials having a controlled number of atomic layer(s).