Embodiments relate to surface treating a substrate, spraying precursor onto the substrate using supercritical carrier fluid, and post-treating the substrate sprayed with the precursor to form a layer with nanometer thickness of material on the substrate. A spraying assembly for spraying the precursor includes one or more spraying modules and one or more radical injectors at one or more sides of the spraying module. A differential spread mechanism is provided between the spraying module and the radical injectors to inject spread gas that isolates the sprayed precursor and radicals generated by the radical injectors. As relative movement between the substrate and the spraying assembly is made, portions of the substrate is exposed to first radicals, sprayed with precursors either one of the spraying modules or both spraying modules using supercritical carrier fluid, and then exposed to second radicals again.

An improved superhydrophobic coating and a process of making it is provided herein. More particularly, a robust superhydrophobic coating is produced by using carbon dioxide to enhance the integration of a binder material into the superhydrophobic coating. The carbon dioxide may be used to infiltrate and fill the interstitial voids of a superhydrophobic material, such as diatomaceous earth. Consequently, occupying these voids in the superhydrophobic material effectively blocks other components (e.g., binders) from entering the voids. As a result, the coating formulations of the present invention are more robust and may strongly adhere to the substrates to which they are applied.

An improved superhydrophobic coating and a process of making it is provided herein. More particularly, a robust superhydrophobic coating is produced by using carbon dioxide to enhance the integration of a binder material into the superhydrophobic coating. The carbon dioxide may be used to infiltrate and fill the interstitial voids of a superhydrophobic material, such as diatomaceous earth. Consequently, occupying these voids in the superhydrophobic material effectively blocks other components (e.g., binders) from entering the voids. As a result, the coating formulations of the present invention are more robust and may strongly adhere to the substrates to which they are applied.

A coating liquid composition comprises a resin component, a first solvent having a solubility parameter lower than 23.5 (MPa).sup.0.5, carbon dioxide, and a second solvent having a solubility parameter of 23.5 (MPa).sup.0.5 to 40 (MPa).sup.0.5. An average boiling point bpi of the first solvent and an average boiling point bp.sub.2 of the second solvent satisfy a relationship of bp.sub.1bp.sub.2>0.

Provided is a coating having a uniform and strong UV protective effect over the entire skin.

A method for producing a UV protective coating on skin comprising a step of applying a composition comprising a UV protective agent to the skin, and a step of electrostatically spraying a composition comprising component (a) and component (b) directly onto the skin to form a coating on the skin, in this order or vice versa: (a) one or more volatile substances selected from the group consisting of water, an alcohol and a ketone, (b) a polymer having a film-forming ability.

A method of applying a circumferential coating material on a circumferential surface of a ceramic honeycomb structure to form a circumferential coat layer. The method includes vertically aligning the longitudinal axis of the ceramic honeycomb structure, rotating the ceramic honeycomb structure around the vertically-aligned longitudinal axis, and applying the circumferential coating material on the circumferential surface of the rotating honeycomb structure at a discharge speed of 50 to 120 mm/s, calculated by
Discharge speed V [mm/s]=Supplied amount q [g/s] of circumferential coating material(Density [g/mm.sup.3] of circumferential coating materialArea S [mm.sup.2] of discharge opening).

The invention relates to various embodiments of a solid particle-source (100a, 100a) that can comprise: a container (104) which comprises an area for receiving solid particles; at least one electron source (106) for introducing electrons into the solid particles such that an electrostatic charge of the solid particles produced by the electrons separates them from each other and accelerates them in a direction out from the container (104); a vibration source (110) which is designed to introduce a vibration in the region in order to loosen the solid particles, the electronic source comprising an emission surface for emitting electrons into a vacuum emission region.

The invention relates to various embodiments of a solid particle-source (100a, 100a) that can comprise: a container (104) which comprises an area for receiving solid particles; at least one electron source (106) for introducing electrons into the solid particles such that an electrostatic charge of the solid particles produced by the electrons separates them from each other and accelerates them in a direction out from the container (104); a vibration source (110) which is designed to introduce a vibration in the region in order to loosen the solid particles, the electronic source comprising an emission surface for emitting electrons into a vacuum emission region.

The present invention generally relates to substrates having a decorated surface and a method of producing a substrate having a decorated surface. In particular embodiments, the present invention relates to a roofing, cladding, and/or siding product or a coating or layer of a coating for a roofing, cladding, and/or siding product having a decorated surface and a methods of producing the same. The present invention also relates to roofing, cladding, and/or siding products and assemblies of such products, for installation onto a building surface and systems and methods of manufacture of roofing, cladding, and/or siding products.

The present invention generally relates to substrates having a decorated surface and a method of producing a substrate having a decorated surface. In particular embodiments, the present invention relates to a roofing, cladding, and/or siding product or a coating or layer of a coating for a roofing, cladding, and/or siding product having a decorated surface and a methods of producing the same. The present invention also relates to roofing, cladding, and/or siding products and assemblies of such products, for installation onto a building surface and systems and methods of manufacture of roofing, cladding, and/or siding products.