A pressure vessel for holding fluids includes a tank and a coating disposed on an outer surface of the tank. The tank defines a cavity for holding fluids, and an outer surface of the tank includes a first visual characteristic. The coating includes an indicator layer, an outer layer, and a first intermediate layer. The indicator layer is disposed on the outer surface, the indicator layer including a second visual characteristic that visually contrasts with the first visual characteristic. The outer layer is disposed over the indicator layer, the outer layer including a third visual characteristic that visually contrasts with the second visual characteristic. The first intermediate layer is positioned between the indicator layer and the outer layer, the first intermediate layer being visually transparent or translucent. The disclosure also describes a coating including an indicator layer, an outer layer, and a first intermediate layer.

A method of making a buff-coated article includes disposing a tie layer on at least a portion of a major surface of a substrate and buff-coating a powder onto at least a portion of the tie layer. Buff-coated articles are also disclosed.

A method of making a buff-coated article includes disposing a tie layer on at least a portion of a major surface of a substrate and buff-coating a powder onto at least a portion of the tie layer. Buff-coated articles are also disclosed.

To provide a repairing method, by which a coated article having high adhesion between a PVDF coating film and a repair coating film and favorable processability of the repair coating film can be obtained, and a repaired coated article.

A method for repairing a first coating film, which comprises applying a second coating material (repairing coating material) to a position to be repaired of a first coating film (PVDF coating film) formed by applying a first coating material to the surface of a substrate, to form a second coating film (repair coating film) thereby to repair the first coating film,

wherein the first coating material is a powder coating material containing PVDF (A) and a resin (B), wherein the second coating material is a coating material containing a fluororesin (L) and a titanium oxide pigment (M), and wherein the content of the titanium oxide pigment (M) is from 15 to 190 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the fluororesin (L).

To provide a repairing method, by which a coated article having high adhesion between a PVDF coating film and a repair coating film and favorable processability of the repair coating film can be obtained, and a repaired coated article.

A method for repairing a first coating film, which comprises applying a second coating material (repairing coating material) to a position to be repaired of a first coating film (PVDF coating film) formed by applying a first coating material to the surface of a substrate, to form a second coating film (repair coating film) thereby to repair the first coating film,

wherein the first coating material is a powder coating material containing PVDF (A) and a resin (B), wherein the second coating material is a coating material containing a fluororesin (L) and a titanium oxide pigment (M), and wherein the content of the titanium oxide pigment (M) is from 15 to 190 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the fluororesin (L).

Described herein is a process for producing a multilayer coating (MC) on a substrate (S), the process including producing at least one basecoat layer, optionally at least one clearcoat layer, at least one layer including a mixture of glass flakes and at least one further clearcoat layer and jointly curing all applied layers. Also described herein is a multilayer coating obtained by the described process.

To provide a surface treatment method for hydrophilizing a surface of a treatment target and preventing charging by a simple and easy method and an anti-static agent. The present invention provides a surface treatment method. The method comprises an anti-static treatment step of coating a treatment target with an anti-static agent comprising an electrolyte (e1), a hydrophilic polymer (a) and water, and having electrical conductivity of 15 mS/m or more to obtain a coated film (A), drying the coated film (A) to obtain an anti-static layer, and a hydrophilizing treatment step of coating the anti-static layer with a hydrophilizing treatment agent comprising a hydrophilic polymer (b) and an alcohol to obtain a coated film (B), and drying the coated film (B), followed by rinsing thereof.

To provide a surface treatment method for hydrophilizing a surface of a treatment target and preventing charging by a simple and easy method and an anti-static agent. The present invention provides a surface treatment method. The method comprises an anti-static treatment step of coating a treatment target with an anti-static agent comprising an electrolyte (e1), a hydrophilic polymer (a) and water, and having electrical conductivity of 15 mS/m or more to obtain a coated film (A), drying the coated film (A) to obtain an anti-static layer, and a hydrophilizing treatment step of coating the anti-static layer with a hydrophilizing treatment agent comprising a hydrophilic polymer (b) and an alcohol to obtain a coated film (B), and drying the coated film (B), followed by rinsing thereof.

The present invention aims to provide a method for forming a multilayer coating film having good coating film smoothness. A method for forming a multilayer coating film, comprising a first aqueous coating composition application step of applying a first aqueous coating composition (A) to form an uncured first aqueous coating film; a second aqueous coating composition application step of applying a second aqueous coating composition (B) onto the uncured first aqueous coating film to form an uncured second aqueous coating film; a clear coating step of applying a clear coating composition (C) onto the uncured second aqueous coating film to form an uncured clear coating film; and a curing step of heat-curing at once these coating films to form a multilayer coating film, wherein the first aqueous coating composition (A) contains a water-dispersible polyurethane resin (a1) and a viscosity modifier (a2), and the second aqueous coating composition (B) contains water and an organic solvent as diluent components besides solid matters in a state of dilution to a coating viscosity.

The present invention aims to provide a method for forming a multilayer coating film having good coating film smoothness. A method for forming a multilayer coating film, comprising a first aqueous coating composition application step of applying a first aqueous coating composition (A) to form an uncured first aqueous coating film; a second aqueous coating composition application step of applying a second aqueous coating composition (B) onto the uncured first aqueous coating film to form an uncured second aqueous coating film; a clear coating step of applying a clear coating composition (C) onto the uncured second aqueous coating film to form an uncured clear coating film; and a curing step of heat-curing at once these coating films to form a multilayer coating film, wherein the first aqueous coating composition (A) contains a water-dispersible polyurethane resin (a1) and a viscosity modifier (a2), and the second aqueous coating composition (B) contains water and an organic solvent as diluent components besides solid matters in a state of dilution to a coating viscosity.