An apparatus to produce a letterbox using a strip of material includes: a bender to receive and bend the strip of material into a desired shape of a letterbox including flanges and notches, and the bender to bend at least one end of the strip of material slightly to produce a slight bent; a processor to measure a first plurality of hole positions on a first end of the strip of material and a second plurality of hole positions on flanges of the strip of material, wherein the first plurality of hole positions on the first end are measured to match a first plurality of holes on a second end of the strip of material, wherein the second plurality of hole positions on the flanges are measured to match a second plurality of holes on a base plate; and a puncher to punch the first plurality of holes on at least one of the first end and the second end of the strip of material according to the first plurality of hole positions, and the puncher to punch the second plurality of holes on the flanges according to the second plurality of hole positions.

A plate-shaped workpiece forming method of post-machining a pocket (3) on a curved inner surface of a plate-shaped workpiece (2) in a state where the plate-shaped workpiece (2) curved by a curving machine (10) is spread flat. The method includes a curving step (A) of setting a net curve radius (R.sub.0) obtained by adding a curve radius contraction amount (R.sub.1) due to spring-in to a finished curve radius (R) of a plate-shaped workpiece (2), taking into account an amount of contraction of the curve radius of the plate-shaped workpiece (2) between before and after machining of a pocket (3) due to spring-in, and curving the plate-shaped workpiece (2) so as to achieve the net curve radius (R.sub.0); and a pocket machining step of post-machining the pocket (3) by flatly spreading the curved plate-shaped workpiece (2).

A plate-shaped workpiece forming method of post-machining a pocket (3) on a curved inner surface of a plate-shaped workpiece (2) in a state where the plate-shaped workpiece (2) curved by a curving machine (10) is spread flat. The method includes a curving step (A) of setting a net curve radius (R.sub.0) obtained by adding a curve radius contraction amount (R.sub.1) due to spring-in to a finished curve radius (R) of a plate-shaped workpiece (2), taking into account an amount of contraction of the curve radius of the plate-shaped workpiece (2) between before and after machining of a pocket (3) due to spring-in, and curving the plate-shaped workpiece (2) so as to achieve the net curve radius (R.sub.0); and a pocket machining step of post-machining the pocket (3) by flatly spreading the curved plate-shaped workpiece (2).

A method for obtaining a three-dimensional curve in a tubular product starting from a tube extending along a rectilinear longitudinal axis includes performing, by a first bending device, a first bending operation on a bending plane passing through the rectilinear longitudinal axis (x), so that the tube leaving the first bending device has a curved portion lying on the plane of curvature, and performing on the tube leaving the first bending device, by a second bending device, a second bending operation, so that the curved portion of the tube at the output of the second bending device has a first tangent and a second tangent (t1, t2) at its opposite ends lying on a cylindrical surface having generatrices orthogonal to two planes (A1, A2) respectively containing the first and second tangents (t1, t2). A method for manufacturing complex-curvature tubular products is also provided.

A shaping method for a double pipe includes: bending the double pipe with a specified curvature to form a bent portion in the double pipe; and arranging the bent portion on a first shaping die having a first shaping surface at a position biased inward or outward in a curvature radius direction of the bent portion relative to the first shaping surface, wherein the first shaping surface is configured to shape a first outer surface of both outer surfaces of the bent portion that are located on both sides of a plane including a central axis of the bent portion, and pressing the bent portion arranged on the first shaping die by a second shaping die having a second shaping surface configured to shape a second outer surface of the both outer surfaces of the bent portion.

The disclosure describes embodiments of an apparatus including a first gas chromatograph including a fluid inlet, a fluid outlet, and a first temperature control. A controller is coupled to the first temperature control and includes logic to apply a first temperature profile to the first temperature control to heat, cool, or both heat and cool the first gas chromatograph. Other embodiments are disclosed and claimed.

The disclosure describes embodiments of an apparatus including a first gas chromatograph including a fluid inlet, a fluid outlet, and a first temperature control. A controller is coupled to the first temperature control and includes logic to apply a first temperature profile to the first temperature control to heat, cool, or both heat and cool the first gas chromatograph. Other embodiments are disclosed and claimed.

A method for manufacturing a complex-curvature tubular product starting from a metal tube extending along a rectilinear longitudinal axis is provided. The method includes carrying out, by a first bending device, a plurality of first bending operations, each first bending operation being carried out on a respective first straight portion of the metal tube, and in a bending plane passing through the longitudinal axis, so that the metal tube leaving the first bending device has a respective plurality of first curved portions, separated by second straight portions, and carrying out on the metal tube leaving the first bending device, by a second bending device, a plurality of second bending operations, each second bending operation being carried out on one of the second straight portions so that the metal tube leaving the second bending device has, between each pair of consecutive first curved portions, a respective second curved portion, and the tubular product thus obtained has first and second curved portions immediately adjacent to each other.

A method for manufacturing a complex-curvature tubular product starting from a metal tube extending along a rectilinear longitudinal axis is provided. The method includes carrying out, by a first bending device, a plurality of first bending operations, each first bending operation being carried out on a respective first straight portion of the metal tube, and in a bending plane passing through the longitudinal axis, so that the metal tube leaving the first bending device has a respective plurality of first curved portions, separated by second straight portions, and carrying out on the metal tube leaving the first bending device, by a second bending device, a plurality of second bending operations, each second bending operation being carried out on one of the second straight portions so that the metal tube leaving the second bending device has, between each pair of consecutive first curved portions, a respective second curved portion, and the tubular product thus obtained has first and second curved portions immediately adjacent to each other.

An implant, in particular an intraluminal endoprosthesis, or a semi-finished part for an implant, having a hollow cylindrical body, wherein the body includes magnesium, and the body is enriched with gallium or a gallium alloy in a region close to a surface.