To provide a method for producing a hot forged material in air, using a Ni-based super alloy for the die, which is advantageous in terms of the service life of the die, and using a glass-based lubricant which hardly causes any chemical reaction promoting oxidative corrosion. A method for producing a hot forged material, by placing on a lower die a material for hot forging, of which part or all of the surface is coated with a glass-based lubricant, and pressing the material for hot forging with the lower die and an upper die, to form a hot forged material, wherein one or both of the lower die and the upper die are made of a Ni-based superalloy, and wherein the surface of the die in contact with the material for hot forging is coated with a glass-based lubricant containing SiO.sub.2 as a main component, in which the total content of alkali metal oxides is 0 to 10.0% in mass %.

To provide a method for producing a hot forged material in air, using a Ni-based super alloy for the die, which is advantageous in terms of the service life of the die, and using a glass-based lubricant which hardly causes any chemical reaction promoting oxidative corrosion. A method for producing a hot forged material, by placing on a lower die a material for hot forging, of which part or all of the surface is coated with a glass-based lubricant, and pressing the material for hot forging with the lower die and an upper die, to form a hot forged material, wherein one or both of the lower die and the upper die are made of a Ni-based superalloy, and wherein the surface of the die in contact with the material for hot forging is coated with a glass-based lubricant containing SiO.sub.2 as a main component, in which the total content of alkali metal oxides is 0 to 10.0% in mass %.

A binary nozzle for atomizing a mixture of agent to be sprayed and spray air is connected to at least one supply duct via which the mixture or the agent to be sprayed can be supplied to the binary nozzle, wherein a valve is arranged between this supply duct and a nozzle outlet of the binary nozzle. A corresponding spray head and also a method for atomizing a mixture of agent to be sprayed and spray air uses a binary nozzle. The binary nozzle includes a nozzle body formed in a single piece and including the nozzle outlet, wherein a movable assembly of the valve is fastened to the nozzle body by a fastening element and/or held tight against the nozzle body by a spring device.

Described herein are methods for producing a hot forged material in air using a Ni-based superalloy for the die. Also described herein are methods for producing a hot forged material, by placing on a lower die a material for hot forging, of which part or all of the surface is coated with a glass-based lubricant, and pressing the material for hot forging with the lower die and an upper die, to form a hot forged material, wherein one or both of the lower die and the upper die are made of a Ni-based superalloy, and wherein the surface of the die in contact with the material for hot forging is coated with a glass-based lubricant containing SiO.sub.2 as a main component, in which the total content of alkali metal oxides is 0 to 10.0% in mass %.

Described herein are methods for producing a hot forged material in air using a Ni-based superalloy for the die. Also described herein are methods for producing a hot forged material, by placing on a lower die a material for hot forging, of which part or all of the surface is coated with a glass-based lubricant, and pressing the material for hot forging with the lower die and an upper die, to form a hot forged material, wherein one or both of the lower die and the upper die are made of a Ni-based superalloy, and wherein the surface of the die in contact with the material for hot forging is coated with a glass-based lubricant containing SiO.sub.2 as a main component, in which the total content of alkali metal oxides is 0 to 10.0% in mass %.

A method for manufacturing a forged article, capable of improving the durability of a die for forging is provided. The method, includes forging a steel material, by using a die, by spraying or applying a water-soluble polymer lubricant containing 0.01 to 0.98 mass % of a water-soluble sulfate onto a working surface of the die, the die being made of a raw material having a constituent composition of by mass %, of 0.4 to 0.7% of C, 1.0% or less of Si, 1.0% or less of Mn, 4.0 to 6.0% of Cr, 2.0 to 4.0% of (Mo+?W), 0.5 to 2.5% of (V+Nb), 0 to 1.0% of Ni, 0 to 5.0% of Co, 0.02% or less of N, and a remnant composed of Fe and impurities, and having hardness of 55 to 60 HRC, and the die including a nitrided layer or a nitrosulfidized layer on the working surface thereof.

A method for manufacturing a forged article, capable of improving the durability of a die for forging is provided. The method, includes forging a steel material, by using a die, by spraying or applying a water-soluble polymer lubricant containing 0.01 to 0.98 mass % of a water-soluble sulfate onto a working surface of the die, the die being made of a raw material having a constituent composition of by mass %, of 0.4 to 0.7% of C, 1.0% or less of Si, 1.0% or less of Mn, 4.0 to 6.0% of Cr, 2.0 to 4.0% of (Mo+?W), 0.5 to 2.5% of (V+Nb), 0 to 1.0% of Ni, 0 to 5.0% of Co, 0.02% or less of N, and a remnant composed of Fe and impurities, and having hardness of 55 to 60 HRC, and the die including a nitrided layer or a nitrosulfidized layer on the working surface thereof.

A method of forming a part from a blank includes positioning the blank within a forming die. Water is introduced between the blank and the forming die. The water is heated to form steam between the blank and the forming die. The blank is reshaped within the forming die to form the part while the steam is disposed between the blank and the forming die. The steam forms a cushion between the blank and the forming die to reduce friction therebetween. A lubricant is not applied to the blank prior to being positioned in the forming die. Therefore, the formed part does not require a washing step after being formed.

A method of forming a part from a blank includes positioning the blank within a forming die. Water is introduced between the blank and the forming die. The water is heated to form steam between the blank and the forming die. The blank is reshaped within the forming die to form the part while the steam is disposed between the blank and the forming die. The steam forms a cushion between the blank and the forming die to reduce friction therebetween. A lubricant is not applied to the blank prior to being positioned in the forming die. Therefore, the formed part does not require a washing step after being formed.

Provided herein are compositions comprising at least one estolide compound of formula:

##STR00001##

in which n is an integer equal to or greater than 0; m is an integer equal to or greater than 1; R.sub.1, independently for each occurrence, is selected from optionally substituted alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated, and branched or unbranched; R.sub.2 is selected from hydrogen and optionally substituted alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated, and branched or unbranched; and R.sub.3 and R.sub.4, independently for each occurrence, are selected from optionally substituted alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated, and branched or unbranched. Also provided are uses of the compositions described herein.