A spray head for the cooling lubrication of a lower die and/or an upper die of a forming machine is disclosed. The spray head is able to be introduced between two working strokes into a working chamber between the lower die and the upper die. The spray head has at least two individually controllable nozzles for the cooling lubrication of different places of a die surface of the lower die and/or the upper die. The spray head also has a thermal imaging camera for recording a thermal image of the lower die and/or the upper die. A forming machine has a cooling device comprising an aforementioned spray head.

A spray head for the cooling lubrication of a lower die and/or an upper die of a forming machine is disclosed. The spray head is able to be introduced between two working strokes into a working chamber between the lower die and the upper die. The spray head has at least two individually controllable nozzles for the cooling lubrication of different places of a die surface of the lower die and/or the upper die. The spray head also has a thermal imaging camera for recording a thermal image of the lower die and/or the upper die. A forming machine has a cooling device comprising an aforementioned spray head.

Provided herein are compositions comprising at least one estolide compound of formula: ##STR00001##
in which n is an integer equal to or greater than 0; m is an integer equal to or greater than 1; R.sub.1, independently for each occurrence, is selected from optionally substituted alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated, and branched or unbranched; R.sub.2 is selected from hydrogen and optionally substituted alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated, and branched or unbranched; and R.sub.3 and R.sub.4, independently for each occurrence, are selected from optionally substituted alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated, and branched or unbranched. Also provided are uses of the compositions described herein.

Provided herein are compositions comprising at least one estolide compound of formula:

##STR00001##

in which n is an integer equal to or greater than 0; m is an integer equal to or greater than 1; R.sub.1, independently for each occurrence, is selected from optionally substituted alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated, and branched or unbranched; R.sub.2 is selected from hydrogen and optionally substituted alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated, and branched or unbranched; and R.sub.3 and R.sub.4, independently for each occurrence, are selected from optionally substituted alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated, and branched or unbranched. Also provided are uses of the compositions described herein.

A method and apparatus for processing a sheet of material. The sheet of material may be secured relative to a tool in an incremental sheet metal forming machine. The sheet of material may be incrementally shaped into a shape of a part using a stylus. The stylus may comprise a rod having a first end and a second end, a substantially curved surface on the first end, and a texture on at least a portion of the substantially curved surface on the first end. The texture may be configured to channel a lubricant onto the first end.

A method and apparatus for processing a sheet of material. The sheet of material may be secured relative to a tool in an incremental sheet metal forming machine. The sheet of material may be incrementally shaped into a shape of a part using a stylus. The stylus may comprise a rod having a first end and a second end, a substantially curved surface on the first end, and a texture on at least a portion of the substantially curved surface on the first end. The texture may be configured to channel a lubricant onto the first end.

A water-based lubricating coating agent includes a water-soluble silicate (A) and at least one water-soluble inorganic salt (B) selected from a tungstate, a phosphate and a borate, wherein the water-soluble silicate (A) and the at least one water-soluble inorganic salt (B) are blended such that a solid content mass ratio (B)/(A) falls within a range of 0.7 to 25.

Provided herein are compositions comprising at least one estolide compound of formula: ##STR00001##
in which n is an integer equal to or greater than 0; m is an integer equal to or greater than 1; R.sub.1, independently for each occurrence, is selected from optionally substituted alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated, and branched or unbranched; R.sub.2 is selected from hydrogen and optionally substituted alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated, and branched or unbranched; and R.sub.3 and R.sub.4, independently for each occurrence, are selected from optionally substituted alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated, and branched or unbranched. Also provided are uses of the compositions described herein.

Provided herein are compositions comprising at least one estolide compound of formula: ##STR00001##
in which n is an integer equal to or greater than 0; m is an integer equal to or greater than 1; R.sub.1, independently for each occurrence, is selected from optionally substituted alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated, and branched or unbranched; R.sub.2 is selected from hydrogen and optionally substituted alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated, and branched or unbranched; and R.sub.3 and R.sub.4, independently for each occurrence, are selected from optionally substituted alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated, and branched or unbranched. Also provided are uses of the compositions described herein.

Provided are: a closed-die forging method capable of preventing a temperature decrease in a to-be-forged member during forging, easy temperature monitoring during forging, and filling the cavity end portions of a die with the to-be-forged member; and a method of manufacturing a forged article using the closed-die forging method. The closed-die forging method includes covering a surface of the to-be-forged member (preferably a super-alloy) that contacts the lower die with a metal heat-insulation member (preferably stainless steel) prior to forging, except for at least a part of the surface that contacts an upper die during forging, placing the heated to-be-forged member on a lower die, and hammer-forging the to-be-forged member integrally with the metal heat-insulation member. A forged article is prepared by heat-treating the forged article obtained by the closed-die forging method (preferably in a disk shape) at temperatures not lower than the recrystallization temperature of the forged article.