An extruded metal flow 3D printer comprising a rack including a workbench capable of moving along n X-axis and Y-axis direction, and a head capable of moving along an Z-axis direction; a printing device including a printing head, a high frequency coil and a high frequency electric induction heating device; the printing heal including a tungsten steel nozzle, a ceramic tube bank, a high temperature resistant ceramic protective sleeve, and a stainless steel end cover; the tungsten steel nozzle having an extrusion hole; a feeding device; the head comprising at least one laser mounted on a lower end face thereof and configured to locally preheat and melt a metal layer printed from the metal wire or enhance a binding force between metal layers, so that the print effect and model molding effect of the present invention can be improved, enhancing the marketability.

A welding or cladding apparatus in which one or more energy beam emitters are used to generate a wide beam spot transverse to a welding or cladding path, and one or more wide feeders feed wire to the spot to create a wide welding or cladding puddle.

A metal matrix composite composition includes tungsten carbide in an amount of 45 wt % to 72 wt % of the composition. In addition, the composition includes a binder in an amount of 28 wt % to 55 wt % of the composition. The binder includes nickel in an amount of at least 99 wt % of the binder.

Methods and systems are provided for using optical interferometry in the context of material modification processes such as surgical laser, sintering, and welding applications. An imaging optical source that produces imaging light. A feedback controller controls at least one processing parameter of the material modification process based on an interferometry output generated using the imaging light. A method of processing interferograms is provided based on homodyne filtering. A method of generating a record of a material modification process using an interferometry output is provided.

A method of additive manufacturing comprises determining a first resonant frequency of an unflawed reference workpiece at a first partial stage of completion, fabricating a production workpiece to the first partial stage of completion via additive manufacture, sensing a second resonant frequency of the production workpiece in-situ at the first partial stage of completion, during the fabrication, analyzing the workpiece for flaws based on comparison of the first and second resonant frequencies, and providing an output indicative of production workpiece condition, based on the analysis. An additive manufacturing system comprises an additive manufacturing tool, a sensor, and a controller. The additive manufacturing tool is disposed to construct a workpiece via iterative layer deposition. The sensor is disposed to determine a resonant frequency of the workpiece in-situ at the additive manufacturing tool, during fabrication. The controller is configured to terminate manufacture of the workpiece if the resonant frequency differs substantially from a reference frequency.

An excellent low noise property and excellent low iron loss property are obtained. A grain-oriented electrical steel sheet includes refined magnetic domains formed by electron beam irradiation. When the maximum magnetic flux density is 1.7 T, the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet has a residual magnetic flux density of 0.1 to 0.7 times the residual magnetic flux density before the electron beam irradiation and a maximum magnetizing force of 1.1 to 2.0 times the maximum magnetizing force before the electron beam irradiation.

A lamination molding apparatus, includes a material layer former to form a material layer; a first emitter to form a solidified layer by irradiating the material layer with a first beam; and a thermal adjuster to adjust a temperature of at least a portion of the solidified layer to at least one of a predetermined first temperature and a predetermined second temperature. The temperature of at least the portion of the solidified layer is adjusted to the first temperature, and then to the second temperature. When the first temperature is referred to as T1, the second temperature is referred to as T2, a martensite start temperature of the solidified layer is referred to as Ms, and a martensite finish temperature of the solidified layer is referred to as Mf, all of the following relations of T1≥Mf, T1>T2, and T2≤Ms are satisfied.

The present disclosure generally relates to methods of additive manufacturing with control of the energy beam incidence angle that allows for aligning the laser beam angle to directly oppose the building direction of an angled wall. The method includes building an object in an additive manufacturing powder bed where the object includes a surface that is defined by a build vector projecting outward relative to the build plate center at an angle Φ relative to normal of the build plate such that 90°>Φ>0° and the directed energy beam forms an angle θ.sub.L2 relative to normal of the build plate such that 270°>θ.sub.L2>180°, wherein θ.sub.L2−Φ=180°±Δ, and Δ<45°. The present methods provide finished objects having overhanging regions with more consistent surface finish and resistance to mechanical strain or stress.

A three-dimensional powder bed fusion additive manufacturing apparatus includes: a base plate; a Z drive mechanism configured to move the base plate in a vertical direction; a powder supplier configured to supply a powder sample onto the base plate to laminate a powder layer; an electron gun configured to generate a beam to be irradiated to the powder layer; a controller configured to control the Z drive mechanism, the powder supplier, and the electron gun to irradiate the beam to a powder bed that is an uppermost layer of the powder layer and perform melting on a two-dimensionally shaped region in which a shaped model is sliced by one layer to shape a three-dimensionally shaped object; and two segment detectors configured to detect a state of the powder bed.

An apparatus for forming a three-dimensional article through successive fusion of parts of a powder bed, which parts corresponds to successive cross sections of the three-dimensional article, said apparatus comprising: a powder distributor configured for evenly distributing a layer of powder on top of a work table provided inside a vacuum chamber; and an electron beam source emanating an electron beam configured for fusing the powder layer in selected locations corresponding to said cross section of the three-dimensional article, wherein: said powder distributor being an elongated rod provided movable at a predetermined distance above the powder bed and with its central axis in parallel with a top surface of said work table, wherein at least one sensor is provided on said powder distributor facing towards said electron beam source, a detector for detecting a signal sent out from said sensor when said sensor is interacting with said electron beam.