An organometallic compound represented by Formula 1A:

##STR00001##

wherein, in Formula 1A, groups and variables are the same as described in the specification.

An organic electroluminescent material and a device thereof are disclosed. The organic electroluminescent material uses a compound having a novel carbazole structure, and can be used as hole blocking material, host material in an electroluminescent device. These novel compounds can provide better device performance, such as obtaining device performance of very low driving-voltage, high efficiency, and long lifetime.

Photonic devices are provided comprising a photoactive layer and at least one additional layer, wherein a surface of the photoactive layer or a surface of the at least one additional layer has imprinted thereon a quasi-random pattern of nanostructures corresponding to a quasi-random pattern of nanostructures defined in a recording layer of a pre-written optical media disc. Methods of patterning a layer of a photonic device are also provided.

A method of making a carbon nanotube structure includes depositing a first oxide layer on a substrate and a second oxide layer on the first oxide layer; etching a trench through the second oxide layer; removing end portions of the first oxide layer and portions of the substrate beneath the end portions to form cavities in the substrate; depositing a metal in the cavities to form first body metal pads; disposing a carbon nanotube on the first body metal pads and the first oxide layer such that ends of the carbon nanotube contact each of the first body metal layers; depositing a metal to form second body metal pads on the first body metal pads at the ends of the carbon nanotube; and etching to release the carbon nanotube, first body metal pads, and second body metal pads from the substrate, first oxide layer, and second oxide layer.

A method of patterning a substrate includes applying a first potential to a spray nozzle, applying a second potential to at least one first cell electrode among a plurality of cell electrodes on a first surface of the substrate, applying a third potential to at least one second cell electrode excluding the at least one first cell electrode among the cell electrodes, and applying a fourth potential to a second surface that is opposite to the first surface of the substrate.

A display apparatus includes: a substrate; a pixel electrode above the substrate; a first low reflection layer spaced apart from the pixel electrode at a same layer as the pixel electrode and comprising a lower layer having conductivity and an upper layer above the lower layer; a pixel-defining layer above the first low reflection layer and having an opening exposing at least a part of the pixel electrode; an intermediate layer above the pixel electrode and comprising an organic emission layer; and an opposite electrode above the intermediate layer.

A flexible display apparatus includes: a flexible panel having a first area, a bending area extending from the first area, and a second area extending from the bending area; a plurality of separate protection films on a surface of the flexible panel; and a filler in a gap between the plurality of separate protection films.

A display device includes: a display panel having a bending area; and a protection film on a rear side of the display panel. The protection film includes a first protection film and a second protection film on respective sides of the bending area and separated from each other, and the first protection film and the second protection film each have a slanted side adjacent to the bending area.

A touch display panel and a method for manufacturing the same are provided. The touch display panel includes a flexible substrate, a light emitting device, an encapsulating film and a touch sensing device. The light emitting device is provided on the flexible substrate. The encapsulation film covers the light emitting device and encapsulates the light emitting device in a sealed space formed by the flexible substrate and the encapsulating film. The touch sensing device is provided on a portion of an outer surface of the encapsulating film and configured to sense an external touch operation. In the present disclosure, the touch sensing device is formed directly on the portion of the outer surface of the encapsulating film, such that the touch sensing device is fixed on the portion of the outer surface of the encapsulating film.

Inventive methods and apparatus for interactive control of a lighting environment. In some embodiments an interactive system for controlling redirectable lighting in a lighting environment may be provided. In some embodiments systems and methods may be provided that enable the display of adjustable lighting parameters in a virtual environment.