Presented herein is a voltaic cell containing light harvesting antennae or other biologically-based electron generating structures optionally in a microbial population, an electron siphon population having electron conductive properties with individual siphons configured to accept electrons from the light harvesting antennae and transport the electrons to a current collector, an optional light directing system (e.g., a mirror), and a regulator having sensing and regulatory feedback properties for the conversion of photobiochemical energy and biochemical energy to electricity. Also presented herein is a voltaic cell having electricity-generating abilities in the absence of light. Also presented herein is the use of the voltaic cell in a solar panel.

An optical laminate includes two substrates each of which has a tensile modulus in a range from 2,000 MPa to 7,500 MPa, and an adhesive layer interposed between the substrates. A storage modulus at 25° C. of the adhesive layer is 100 kPa or less, and a storage modulus at −20° C. of the adhesive layer is equal to or less than three times the storage modulus at 25° C. of the adhesive layer. The optical laminate and an image display device including the optical laminate may have an improved flexible property at various temperature ranges and may be capable of minimizing cracks when being bent.

Devices having multiple multicomponent emissive layers are provided, where each multicomponent EML includes at least three components. Each of the components in each EML is a host material or an emitter. The devices have improved color stability and relatively high luminance.

The present disclosure relates to a composition that includes a scaffold having an internal space and a mixture positioned within the space, where the mixture includes a first phase having a metal halide perovskite and a second phase including at least one of a perovskite precursor and/or a switching molecule, the composition is capable of reversibly switching between a first state having at least one of a first transparency and/or a first color and a second state having at least one of a second transparency and/or a second color.

The present invention relates to an organic electroluminescent device comprising a benzothiazine derivative and it also relates to specific benzothiazine derivatives.

A material comprising a group of formula (I): (I) wherein: X and Y are each independently selected from S, O or Se; Ar1, Ar2, Ar3 and Ar4 are each independently an unsubstituted or a substituted benzene, an unsubstituted or a substituted 5- or 6-membered heteroaromatic group or are absent; A.sup.1 and A.sup.2 are each independently an unsubstituted or a substituted benzene, an unsubstituted or a substituted 5- or 6-membered heteroaromatic group, a non-aromatic 6-membered ring having ring atoms selected from C, N, S and O or are absent; R.sup.1 is H or a substituent; R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are each independently H or a substituent; and * represents a point of attachment to a hydrogen or non-hydrogen substituent.

##STR00001##

A method for depositing a film on a substrate, which includes the steps of forming a film using a liquid composition that includes a neutral surfactant and a charged lamellar compound, placing the film in contact with the substrate and depositing the film on substrate. Also, a process for analyzing a substrate onto which a film has been deposited by the method.

A compound having structures represented by the following formulas (1) or (2): wherein in the formulas (1) and (2), at least one of R.sub.1 to R.sub.8 is a deuterium atom.

##STR00001##

Disclosed in embodiments of the present disclosure are a display panel, a manufacturing method therefor, and a display apparatus. The display panel includes a substrate, the substrate has a plurality of sub-pixel units; each sub-pixel unit includes at least two first electrodes which are independently arranged in the same layer; each first electrode includes at least two conductive layers which are arranged in a stacked manner; an edge of a top conductive layer that is away from the substrate exceeds an edge of a bottom conductive layer; the orthographic projection of the bottom conductive layer on the substrate falls within the range of the orthographic projection of the top conductive layer on the substrate; and a portion of the edge of the top conductive layer exceeding the edge of the bottom conductive layer extends towards one side of the substrate to constitute a sloping surface.

The present invention provides a display panel and a manufacturing method thereof, wherein the display panel includes: a thin-film transistor array substrate; an anode disposed on the thin-film transistor array substrate; a pixel definition layer disposed on the anode and the thin-film transistor array substrate, wherein the pixel definition layer includes a first area and a second area, the first area is provided with an opening, a bottom of the opening is connected to the anode, and the second area is provided with a plurality of grooves; a light-emitting layer disposed in the opening; a cathode covering the light-emitting layer and the pixel definition layer; and an encapsulation layer covering the cathode.