An alkylene oxide derivative represented by following formula (I):

RO-(AO).sub.a[(PO).sub.b/(EO).sub.c]H(I)

(R represents a linear or branched alkyl group having from 4 to 36 carbons; AO is an oxyalkylene group having three or four carbons, PO is an oxypropylene group, and EO is an oxyethylene group; a, b, and c are the average addition molar numbers of the oxyalkylene group, the oxypropylene group, and the oxyethylene group per molecule, respectively, and 1a40, 1b40, 1c80, and (a+b+c)20; [(PO).sub.b/(EO).sub.c] represents a polyoxyalkylene group in which b moles of PO and c moles of EO are bonded randomly, and the random rate x is 0.1x1).

The invention discloses a core-shell structured non-ionic nanoemulsion system and the preparation and use thereof. The system comprises a non-ionic gemini surfactant, an oil phase material, a solubilizer, and water; wherein the microemulsion has a core-shell structure, with the outer shell being the non-ionic Gemini surfactant, and the inner core being the oil phase material. The non-ionic Gemini surfactant is di(octylphenol polyoxyethylene ether)-substituted dicarboxylic acid diphenyl ether having the structural formula:

##STR00001##

The non-ionic nanoemulsion system of the present invention is homogeneous and transparent, and has a spherical core-shell structure with nanometer-sized (3-40 nm) droplets, narrow particle size distribution, low tendency to agglomerate, good stability, and both an ultra-low interfacial tension and the ability to reduce viscosity of crude oil.

Disclosed are compositions comprising HCFC-243db, HCFO-1233xf, HCFC-244db and/or HFO-1234yf and at least one additional compound. For the composition comprising 1234yf, the additional compound is selected from the group consisting of HFO-1234ze, HFO-1243zf, HCFC-243db, HCFC-244db, HFC-245cb, HFC-245fa, HCFO-1233xf, HCFO-1233zd, HCFC-253fb, HCFC-234ab, HCFC-243fa, ethylene, HFC-23, CFC-13, HFC-143a, HFC-152a, HFC-236fa, HCO-1130, HCO-1130a, HFO-1336, HCFC-133a, HCFC-254fb, CHFCHCl, HFO-1141, HCFO-1242zf, HCFO-1223xd, HCFC-233ab, HCFC-226ba, and HFC-227ca. Compositions comprising HCFC-243db, HCFO-1233xf, and/or HCFC-244db are useful in processes to make HFO-1234yf. Compositions comprising HFO-1234yf are useful, among other uses, as heat transfer compositions for use in refrigeration, air-conditioning and heat pump systems.

The present invention is directed to an ophthalmic emulsion. The emulsion has a unique combination of ingredients that promotes the stability of small oil droplets within the emulsion. The emulsion also includes a mucoadhesive polymer that aid in delivering a lipid to the ocular surface.

The present disclosure relates to compositions comprising 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene that may be useful as heat transfer compositions, aerosol propellants, foaming agents, blowing agents, solvents, cleaning agents, carrier fluids, displacement drying agents, buffing abrasion agents, polymerization media, expansion agents for polyolefins and polyurethane, gaseous dielectrics, extinguishing agents, and fire suppression agents in liquid or gaseous form. Additionally, the present disclosure relates to compositions comprising 1,1,2,3-tetrachloropropene, 2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene, or 2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoropropane, which may be useful in processes to produce 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene.

The present invention is related with the obtaining process and use of branched germinal zwitterionic liquids based on either bis-N,N-dialkyl-N-polyether-betaine or bis-N, N-dialkenyl-N-polyether-betaine or bis-N, N-dicycloalkyl-N-polyether-betaine or bis-N,N-diaryl-N-polyether-betaine, to be applied as modifiers of the wettability of rocks such as limestone, dolomite, sandstone, quartz or heterogeneous lithologies, under the presence of brines having high content of divalent ions such as calcium, magnesium, barium or strontium, under high temperature and high pressure within enhanced oil recovery processes in order to increase the oil production. The branched germinal zwitterionic liquids of the present invention have moreover the property to act as viscosity reducers of heavy oils having high content of polar fractions, both for extraction and production, and transport and storage operations, so allowing increase the production level of this oil type. An additional advantage shown by the zwitterionic liquids, derived from their molecular structure, is that they can be handed in such a manner that can be dissolved by water, hydrocarbon or other polar and non-polar solvents.

The present disclosure provides methods for forming emulsions. A method for forming an emulsion comprises: bringing a first fluid phase in contact with a second fluid phase that is immiscible with the first fluid phase to generate the emulsion comprising the plurality of droplets. The plurality of droplets may comprise (i) the first fluid phase or the second fluid phase, (ii) a first surfactant at an interface between the first fluid phase and the second fluid phase, and (iii) a second surfactant that is different than the first surfactant. Subsequent to generating the emulsion, collect or direct the plurality of droplets along a channel. Subsequent to collecting or directing the plurality of droplets along the channel, at most 5% of the plurality of droplets coalesce.

The present invention relates to compositions for use in refrigeration, air-conditioning, and heat pump systems wherein the composition comprises a fluoroolefin and at least one other component. The compositions of the present invention are useful in processes for producing cooling or heat, as heat transfer fluids, foam blowing agents, aerosol propellants, and fire suppression and fire extinguishing agents.

The present invention provides a nano-silica dispersion having amphiphilic properties and a double-particle structure and its production method. The production method comprises: producing a lipophilically modified nano-silica alcosol which is denoted as a first reaction solution by adding a silane coupling agent containing a lipophilic group to a nano-silica alcosol as a raw material; producing a hydrophilically modified nano-silica alcosol which is denoted as a second reaction solution by adding a silane coupling agent containing a hydrophilic group into a nano-silica alcosol as a raw material; producing the nano-silica dispersion having amphiphilic properties and a double-particle structure by adding 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane to the first reaction solution, stirring, then mixing the resultant with the second reaction solution. The present invention further provides a nano-silica dispersion having amphiphilic properties and a double-particle structure produced by the above production method. It has both hydrophilic and lipophilic properties, and has the double-particle structure, with a particle size of less than 100 nm. The production process is simple and low in cost.

A drilling fluid composition which includes a base fluid, one or more additives, and a viscosifier package. The base fluid is an invert emulsion comprising oil and water. Further, the one or more additives is chosen from an emulsifier, a weighting material, a fluid-loss control additive, or an alkaline compound. The viscosifier package includes a fatty acid having 6 or more carbon atoms and an aliphatic polyester. The drilling fluid composition has a yield point of from 30 lb.sub.f/100 ft.sup.2 to 100 lb.sub.f/100 ft.sup.2 and a low shear yield point of from 10 lb.sub.f/100 ft.sup.2 to 40 lb.sub.f/100 ft.sup.2. The associated method of drilling a subterranean well including operating a drill in a wellbore in the presence of the drilling fluid composition is also provided.