A surfactant comprising the reaction product of: (a) an epoxidised carboxylic acid ester; and (b) a compound including at least one reactive alcohol and/or amino functional group.

Surfactants capable of releasing and/or dissolving polymers to form water-soluble or water-dispersible polymer solutions are disclosed. In addition, polymer compositions containing a water-in-oil emulsion comprising the surfactant are provided and can be used, for example, in methods of dissolving a polymer. These surfactants and polymer compositions can be used in various industries including for water clarification, papermaking, sewage and industrial water treatment, drilling mud stabilizers, and enhanced oil recovery.

Various examples of systems and methods for making microspheres, microparticles, and emulsions are provided. In one example, a system and method for forming microspheres comprises: pumping a dispersed phase liquid and a continuous phase liquid into a levitating magnetic impeller pump to subject the dispersed phase liquid and continuous phase liquid to a high shear environment within the impeller pump's pump chamber. In another example, a system and method for forming an emulsion comprises: pumping a dispersed phase liquid and an inner aqueous phase liquid into a levitating magnetic impeller pump to subject the dispersed phase and the inner aqueous phase to a high shear environment within the impeller pump's pump chamber.

The present invention relates to a method of dispersing fine particles in an aqueous or polar solvent. The dispersant comprises a compound of general formula (I): In general formula (I), AO is an alkylene oxide group selected from ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, R.sup.1 is selected from a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, a butyl group, and a pentyl group, R.sup.2 is a carboxylic acid terminated group comprising 1 to 5 carbon atoms between the carboxylic acid and the polyalkylene glycol group (-(AO).sub.n—O—), and n is 2 to 100. A dispersion of nanoparticles comprising the dispersant, use of the dispersant, and a method for dispersing nanoparticles is also disclosed.

The present invention relates to a dispersant polymer and a dispersion containing the dispersant polymer. The dispersant polymer is derived from a polyamine species reacted with two different polyester chains, one of which includes a monomeric repeat unit derived from the polyesterification reaction of lactide, glycolide, lactic acid, or glycolic acid monomers. The technology includes preparing the dispersant polymer at lower temperature to allow the use of a broader selection of polyester repeat units.

A method and apparatus for generating droplets with a high level of uniformity in liquid systems that present a low interfacial tension. This method and apparatus utilize the breakup of the dispersed phase in a controlled fashion by periodically varying the pressure that drives the fluids so as to successfully generate emulsions with a good control over the size. The method and apparatus can be used for the formation of simple emulsion or double emulsion where a larger droplet contains one or more smaller droplets.

A method adapts optical properties of an immersion mixture by providing an immersion mixture made of multiple components, wherein at least two of the components have different optical properties and the immersion mixture has optical properties resulting from the proportions of the components, determining current actual values of the optical properties of the immersion mixture, and comparing the current actual values with target values. If actual values differ from target values by an unacceptable amount, a target mixture ratio of the components is determined to achieve the target values and the proportion of the components is set according to the target mixture ratio. For the components, water can be selected with a water-soluble inorganic compound or a water-soluble organic compound, or a non-water-soluble compound can be selected with a solvent suitable for dissolving the compound. Suitable chemical compounds and an immersion mixture made of multiple components can also be utilized.

The invention provides dispersed inorganic mixed metal oxide pigment compositions in a hydrocarbon media utilizing a dispersant having polyisobutylene succinic anhydride structure reacted with a non-polymeric amino ether/alcohol to disperse a mixed metal oxide pigment in the media. The metal oxide pigment is of the type used to color ceramic or glass articles. A milling process using beads is also described to reduce the mixed metal oxide particle size to the desired range. A method of using the mixed metal oxide dispersion to digitally print an image on a ceramic or glass article using the dispersion jetted through a nozzle and subsequently firing the colored article is also described.

A two-component polyurethane composition comprising: an aqueous dispersion comprising an emulsion polymer and a specific sulphate and/or sulfonate surfactant, and a water-dispersible polyisocyanate; the emulsion polymer with a weight average molecular weight of 70,000 g/mol or less comprising, by weight based on the weight of the emulsion polymer, greater than 0.25% of structural units of a phosphorous-containing acid monomer and/or salts thereof, greater than 15% of structural units of a hydroxy-functional alkyl (meth)acrylate, structural units of an monoethylenically unsaturated nonionic monomer, and from zero to 10% of structural units of an additional acid monomer and/or salts thereof; and a process of preparing the two-component polyurethane composition.

Disclosed are compositions comprising HCFC-243db, HCFO-1233xf, HCFC-244db and/or HFO-1234yf and at least one to additional compound. For the composition comprising 1234yf, the additional compound is selected from the group consisting of HFO-1234ze, HFO-1243zf, HCFC-243db, HCFC-244db, HFC-245cb, HFC-245fa, HCFO-1233xf, HCFO-1233zd, HCFC-253fb, HCFC-234ab, HCFC-243fa, ethylene, HFC-23, CFC-13, HFC-143a, HFC-152a, HFC-236fa, HCO-1130, HCO-1130a, HFO-1336, HCFC-133a, HCFC-254fb, CHF═CHCl, HFO-1141, HCFO-1242zf, HCFO-1223xd, HCFC-233ab, HCFC-226ba, and HFC-227ca. Compositions comprising HCFC-243db, HCFO-1233xf, and/or HCFC-244db are useful in processes to make HFO-1234yf. Compositions comprising HFO-1234yf are useful, among other uses, as heat transfer compositions for use in refrigeration, air-conditioning and heat pump systems.