The present simple, cost-effective and eco-friendly method of developing highly efficient and stable clay-based 3D-printed catalysts using extrusion-based technique and applications.

The present 3D-printed catalyst formulations are highly flexible according to the required active metals. The extruded 3D-printed catalyst structure possesses high precision in structure and mechanical strength and can be utilized for a wide range of wastewater treatment processes. Additionally, the methods and 3D-printed catalysts provide sustainable and efficient waste treatment process in the presence of visible light.