Presence of natural enemies has a considerable impact on pest severity in a given geo-location. However, manually estimating pest severity or population of natural enemies is cumbersome, inaccurate and not scalable. Systems and methods of the present disclosure enable estimating effective pest severity index by receiving a first set of inputs pertaining to weather associated with a geo-location under consideration; receiving a second set of inputs pertaining to agronomic information; generating a pest forecasting model and a natural enemies forecasting model based on the received first set and the second set of inputs for each pest; and estimating the effective pest severity index based on the generated models. The timing and quantity of pesticide application can be optimized based on the estimated pest severity index. The generated models can be further enhanced continually based on one or more of historical data, participatory sensing inputs, crowdsourcing inputs and management practices.

Provided are compounds of the formula (I)

##STR00001##

which are suitable for controlling animal pests, including arthropods and in particular insects, arachnids and nematodes, and in which the structural elements R.sup.1, p, T, G and U have the meanings given in the description, as are processes for their preparation and their use as insecticides.

Provided are compounds of the formula (I)

##STR00001##

which are suitable for controlling animal pests, including arthropods and in particular insects, arachnids and nematodes, and in which the structural elements R.sup.1, p, T, G and U have the meanings given in the description, as are processes for their preparation and their use as insecticides.

Disclosed is an aperture assembly for use with a subsurface ejection vessel that includes an electromagnet, a first dynamic aperture (309C), a second dynamic aperture, a hollow shaft injection drill bit (1711), a third dynamic aperture (807C), collar perforations (607B), and closed window apertures (907A, 907B, and 907C). The electromagnet actuates a closing of the first dynamic aperture (309C). The electromagnet actuates an opening of the second dynamic aperture. The third dynamic aperture (807C) dynamically opens when triggered by a first pre-determined depth achievement counting by the encoder (1605B) of the lead screw (1713) or distance traveled by a platform (505A) triggered by the limit switch (1707) that are communicated to the AI robot (1407C), the computer (1411C), and the PLC (1405C). The third dynamic aperture (807C) dynamically opens when the camera lens (1503) has a second pre-determined depth penetration of the hollow shaft injection drill bit (1711) and that the limit switch (1707) information is communicated to the computer (1411C), or the PLC (1405C). The collar perforations (607B) enable pushing sub-surface constituents and soils away from either collar apertures, or collar windows. The closed window apertures (907A, 907B, and 907C) perform closure during descent to prevent soil penetration into the hollow shaft injection drill bit (1711). The closed window apertures (907C) during descent to prevent soil penetration into the hollow shaft injection drill bit (1711).

Method and apparatus for eradicating insects in both a below ground and above ground environment. The device includes a main shaft having a bore therein and a two-piece clamshell on one end for insertion into the insect bed and on the other end a main body which includes a hand grip and a lever for releasing the gas which is held in a separate gas cylinder. The gas flows through a gas tube from the gas cylinder through the main shaft and then out the clamshell end of the main shaft into an insect bed. Two inert gases are used to displace the air in the insect colony wherein the two inert gases are argon and helium. The argon gas is used for underground applications and the helium gas is used for above ground and underground above grade applications. The two-piece clamshell is used for insertion into the ground where it is opened thereby allowing the gas to escape from the gas tube contained inside the clamshell.

The invention provides materials and method for controlling pests, in particular, nematodes. The invention also provides compositions comprising biosurfactants as pesticides.

The invention provides materials and method for controlling pests, in particular, nematodes. The invention also provides compositions comprising biosurfactants as pesticides.

The present invention relates to a vermin trapping tool device for identifying and excavating vermin holes. The device is comprised of a body with a first end comprised of a loop and a second end. The second end may be a plurality of shapes and can be used to puncture a ground surface to locate a vermin hole. The loop can then be used to dig out the vermin hole.

The present invention relates to a vermin trapping tool device for identifying and excavating vermin holes. The device is comprised of a body with a first end comprised of a loop and a second end. The second end may be a plurality of shapes and can be used to puncture a ground surface to locate a vermin hole. The loop can then be used to dig out the vermin hole.

The invention provides materials and method for controlling pests, in particular, nematodes. The invention also provides compositions comprising biosurfactants as pesticides.