The present invention relates to compositions having antimicrobial activity against Clavibacter michiganensis subsp michiganensis “(Cmm”). Further provided herein are methods of making and using the antimicrobial compositions to protect and treat tomatoes from Cmm infections.

A heat exchanger includes a metal base defining a heat exchange channel for flowing at least one of a refrigerant and a coolant therein, and a coating layer coated at least a part of an outer surface of the metal base. The coating layer includes sol particles and an antibacterial material, where the sol particles include silica. The antibacterial material includes a rare earth element oxide. By combining the antibacterial agent containing the rare earth element oxide with sol, the advantages of each component can be fully utilized. On the one hand, it is easier to attach the antibacterial material via the sol, and on the other hand a surface of the metal base of the heat exchanger can have a good antibacterial and mold-inhibiting effects, which is beneficial to cost reduction.

A heat exchanger includes a metal base defining a heat exchange channel for flowing at least one of a refrigerant and a coolant therein, and a coating layer coated at least a part of an outer surface of the metal base. The coating layer includes sol particles and an antibacterial material, where the sol particles include silica. The antibacterial material includes a rare earth element oxide. By combining the antibacterial agent containing the rare earth element oxide with sol, the advantages of each component can be fully utilized. On the one hand, it is easier to attach the antibacterial material via the sol, and on the other hand a surface of the metal base of the heat exchanger can have a good antibacterial and mold-inhibiting effects, which is beneficial to cost reduction.

A biocide product comprising biocidal agents, surfactants and solvents characterized in that it comprehends the following elements: a) Alcohol taken from the following group: ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol; b) Quaternary ammonium taken from the following group: Benzalkonium chloride, Ethyl Benzyl Chloride, dodecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride and the combinations thereof. The different formulas that may be prepared, in liquid as in gel, all of them contain alcohol, quaternary ammonium and copper nanoparticles in a determined range of proportions. The use of the obtained biocide in the liquid formula results more apt to be applied on surfaces and the gel formulation for personal use especially on the skin.

An antimicrobial solution for a medical device having a chamber defined by a wall, the chamber being configured to be includes water, and an amount of iodine in the water sufficient to generate free elemental iodine when introduced into the chamber of the medical device. The free elemental iodine is configured to diffuse through the wall of the chamber and/or be embedded in the wall of the chamber of the medical device to form an antimicrobial polymer on the wall of the chamber.

A light stable, environmentally friendly, broad spectrum antimicrobial disinfectants comprising of active metal ions and method of preparing the same are provided. The compositions are non-toxic, cost-effective formulations, comprising of metal ions, biopolymer, and complexing agent. The compositions are very effective with the dosing and treatment regime designed to give a 6-log reduction in bacteria and virus count and also expected to yield 30 days or more of residual efficacy.

The present inventive concept is related to metal nanoparticles, such as silver (Ag) nanoparticles, including a metal core and a surface to the metal core functionalized with a positively charged molecule/polymer coating the surface such as amino (—NH.sub.2), amide ([C═O]—N), polyethyleneimine/branched polyethyleneimine (PEI/BPEI), pesticidal compositions including the metal nanoparticle, and methods of using the pesticidal compositions including the metal nanoparticle.

The present inventive concept is related to metal nanoparticles, such as silver (Ag) nanoparticles, including a metal core and a surface to the metal core functionalized with a positively charged molecule/polymer coating the surface such as amino (—NH.sub.2), amide ([C═O]—N), polyethyleneimine/branched polyethyleneimine (PEI/BPEI), pesticidal compositions including the metal nanoparticle, and methods of using the pesticidal compositions including the metal nanoparticle.

Described herein are compositions for treating or preventing a viral infection comprising bacteriophages that bind to the virus and block or inhibit viral entry into a host cell. Bacteriophage libraries may be screened to identify bacteriophages that bind to a virus of interest, and the identified bacteriophages may be used to treat or prevent an infection caused by the virus of interest. Also described herein are methods of treating or preventing a viral infection by administering a bacteriophage composition to a subject in vivo or to a surface in vitro. The bacteriophages in the composition may bind to the virus and inhibit viral entry into a host cell, thereby reducing the infectivity of the virus. Reducing the infectivity of the virus may treat or prevent the viral infection.

Described herein are compositions for treating or preventing a viral infection comprising bacteriophages that bind to the virus and block or inhibit viral entry into a host cell. Bacteriophage libraries may be screened to identify bacteriophages that bind to a virus of interest, and the identified bacteriophages may be used to treat or prevent an infection caused by the virus of interest. Also described herein are methods of treating or preventing a viral infection by administering a bacteriophage composition to a subject in vivo or to a surface in vitro. The bacteriophages in the composition may bind to the virus and inhibit viral entry into a host cell, thereby reducing the infectivity of the virus. Reducing the infectivity of the virus may treat or prevent the viral infection.