A damper assembly includes a tubular member including a sidewall and a shoulder. The damper assembly includes a rod and a piston coupled to the rod. A secondary piston has a second contact surface, an opposing second surface, an inner cylindrical face defining a central aperture that receives the rod, and an outer cylindrical face. The opposing second surface includes one or more surface grooves, extending between the inner cylindrical face and the outer cylindrical face along the opposing second surface, and one or more bypass orifices disposed about the body member. The bypass orifices extend along the inner cylindrical face between the second contact surface and the opposing second surface. The secondary piston defines a channel extending between the inner cylindrical face and an outer periphery of the body member. The channel and bypass orifices form a fluid flow path when the piston contacts the secondary piston.

A suspension device (rear suspension (10)) for vehicles is provided which includes a damper (40), a shaft (50) pivotably supporting an end of the damper (40), and a bush (60) including a cylindrical elastic member fitted onto the outer circumference of the shaft (50). The axis (C2) of the bush (60) is disposed along a line of intersection between an imaginary first plane (S1) and an imaginary second plane (S2), or along a line parallel to the line of intersection. The first plane (S1) is orthogonal to the axis (C1) of the damper (40) when a stroke position of a wheel (24) is a first position relative to the vehicle body (80) in the vertical direction of a vehicle body (80). The second plane (S2) is orthogonal to the axis (C1) of the damper (40) when the stroke position of the wheel (24) is a second position.

An apparatus includes an electric motor including a stator and a translator; a three-phase inverter electrically coupled to the electric motor; a power source electrically coupled to the three-phase inverter; and a controller communicatively coupled to the three-phase inverter. The controller is programmed to determine at least three measurements at different times of flux linkage from the electric motor, represent the measurements in Clarke coordinates, determine Clarke coordinates of a center of a circle defined by the Clarke coordinates of the measurements, and determine a position of the translator relative to the stator based on the Clarke coordinates of the center of the circle.

An apparatus includes an electric motor including a stator and a translator; a three-phase inverter electrically coupled to the electric motor; a power source electrically coupled to the three-phase inverter; and a controller communicatively coupled to the three-phase inverter. The controller is programmed to determine at least three measurements at different times of flux linkage from the electric motor, represent the measurements in Clarke coordinates, determine Clarke coordinates of a center of a circle defined by the Clarke coordinates of the measurements, and determine a position of the translator relative to the stator based on the Clarke coordinates of the center of the circle.

A fastening arrangement of a vibration damper of a vehicle includes a rubber bearing with a first bush and a second bush, a fastener where via the fastener one of the first bush and the second bush of the rubber bearing is fixed in three degrees of longitudinal freedom with regard to a wheel support of the vehicle or the body of the vehicle, and a measure disposed on the second bush and on the wheel support or on the body of the vehicle where via the measure a degree of rotational freedom of the second bush about an axis of the fastener is blocked by a positively locking block. The positively locking block is formed by a convexly curved cylinder segment of the second bush and a concavely curved cylinder segment of the wheel support or the body of the vehicle that are engagable into one another.

In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, a vehicle is provided that includes: a body; a drive system configured to propel the body; and a suspension system coupled to the drive system, the suspension system including a shock cap assembly including: a strut component; a cap component attached to the strut component; and an attachment mechanism configured for attachment to a body of the vehicle, such that the shock cap assembly is configured to be accessed from a front wheel well of the vehicle.

A shock absorber mounting assembly for an off-road vehicle is provided. The shock absorber mounting assembly may provide A-arm brackets dimensioned and adapted to interconnect body and wheel framing of the off-road vehicle, wherein the lower bracket adjustably engages a lower portion of the shock absorber. The present invention also enables any model year shock absorber to be adapted to operatively associate with the steering system of any off-road vehicle of the same make and model, regardless of model year, through a shock absorber adapter bracket assembly that attaches to the original equipment manufacturer A-arms of the off-road vehicle adding the non-model year shock absorbers. The brackets may be of unitary construction.

A tiltable motor vehicle having 3 or more wheels and at least one bridge having opposite first and second ends where first and second wheel hub assemblies are disposed. First and second wheels are mounted on the first and second wheel hub assemblies. First and second suspension guides are also associated with the first and second wheel hub assemblies, each being attached to a respective end of the at least one bridge such that the suspension guide is rotatable about at least a tilt axis relative to the at least one bridge. Each wheel hub assembly being movable along or across the respective suspension guide such that the wheels are movable relative to the at least one bridge during suspension action. Movement of the wheels and the wheel hub assemblies associated with suspension rebound and compression action and rotation of the bridges relative to the body associated with tilting action are both substantially independent of movement of the steering element.

A suspension system for a wheel of a vehicle including: a wheel interface having a wheel interface axis which is an axis about which a wheel rotates when connected to the wheel interface; a first arm connected to the wheel interface and rotatable with respect to the wheel interface about a first axis that is substantially parallel to the wheel interface axis; and a second arm connected to the wheel interface and rotatable with respect to the wheel interface about a second axis that is substantially parallel to the wheel interface axis; and a damping and springing means disposed within a gap formed between the first arm and the second arm, the damping and springing means are connected at one of its ends to at least one of the first arm, the second arm and the wheel interface; wherein at least a portion of the suspension system is to be disposed within a rim of a wheel.

A vehicle suspension device includes a wheel body on which a wheel and tire unit is mounted, a steering drive unit configured to transmit a driving force to rotate the wheel body in a lateral direction of a vehicle body, so that the wheel and tire unit rotates together with the wheel body, and a wheel moving unit disposed on the vehicle body to be movable in a front-back direction, configured such that a position thereof changes in a top-bottom direction, and connected to the wheel body to support the wheel body, so that a position of the wheel body is changed in response to the wheel moving unit moving in the front-back direction and changing the position in the top-bottom direction.