Proposed are renewable power generating systems driven by wind or wheel power such as train vehicle power generating systems, which are easily installed on train vehicles of trains, and which generate power without additional carbon emissions to avoid environmental pollution. One or more generator holders to hold one or more generators are installable on a train vehicle chassis. A generator wheel may be configured to touch a rail and may rotate in any direction along the rail. A generator axle may couple one or more generators to the generator wheel. The one or more generators may generate electrical power and produce zero carbon emissions while the generator wheel rotate on the rail. One or more wind turbines may also be coupled to the generator axle to supply power to the one or more generators so that the one or more generators produce zero carbon emissions while the train vehicle is moving.

Proposed are renewable power generating systems driven by wind or wheel power such as train vehicle power generating systems, which are easily installed on train vehicles of trains, and which generate power without additional carbon emissions to avoid environmental pollution. One or more generator holders to hold one or more generators are installable on a train vehicle chassis. A generator wheel may be configured to touch a rail and may rotate in any direction along the rail. A generator axle may couple one or more generators to the generator wheel. The one or more generators may generate electrical power and produce zero carbon emissions while the generator wheel rotate on the rail. One or more wind turbines may also be coupled to the generator axle to supply power to the one or more generators so that the one or more generators produce zero carbon emissions while the train vehicle is moving.

A railway carriage has a number of batteries, a charger associated with each of the batteries and at least one piece of equipment powered by the batteries, and a vehicle monitoring system. The monitoring system includes at least one sensor of a battery state parameter for each battery, a communication network adapted to receive information from each sensor of a battery state parameter and from each charger, and to transmit the received information to a processor. The processor is adapted to process information relating to a battery whose associated charger is switched off or defective using the information received for the other batteries.

An unmanned rail vehicle for surveillance, inspection, and/or maintenance of an industrial site is provided. The rail vehicle includes at least two carry rollers adapted for engaging on an upper rail side of a rail, wherein the center of gravity of the rail vehicle is vertically below the upper rail side; and at least one support roller connected to the chassis and adapted for rolling against a lateral rail side of the rail to laterally displace the center of gravity of the rail vehicle with respect to the upper rail side.

An unmanned rail vehicle for surveillance, inspection, and/or maintenance of an industrial site is provided. The rail vehicle includes at least two carry rollers adapted for engaging on an upper rail side of a rail, wherein the center of gravity of the rail vehicle is vertically below the upper rail side; and at least one support roller connected to the chassis and adapted for rolling against a lateral rail side of the rail to laterally displace the center of gravity of the rail vehicle with respect to the upper rail side.

An axle device is proposed including a linear shaft, at least one carriage, an electric drive for moving the carriage along the linear shaft, and a mechanical energy storage arrangement. The energy storage arrangement being able to assume a charging state for converting kinetic energy into potential when the carriage is decelerated along the linear shaft energy in an energy charging region, a storage state for storing the potential energy, and a discharging state for converting the stored potential energy into kinetic energy when the carriage is accelerated along the linear shaft in an energy releasing region.

An axle device is proposed including a linear shaft, at least one carriage, an electric drive for moving the carriage along the linear shaft, and a mechanical energy storage arrangement. The energy storage arrangement being able to assume a charging state for converting kinetic energy into potential when the carriage is decelerated along the linear shaft energy in an energy charging region, a storage state for storing the potential energy, and a discharging state for converting the stored potential energy into kinetic energy when the carriage is accelerated along the linear shaft in an energy releasing region.

A method and system for motion control of movers in an independent cart system is disclosed. In one implementation, the independent cart system includes a plurality of track segments, each section having a respective controller. One of the controllers receives a motion command for a plurality of carts, respectively. The controller generates a force command for each of the plurality of carts and transmits the respective commands to the track segments commutating the plurality of carts.

A method and system for motion control of movers in an independent cart system is disclosed. In one implementation, the independent cart system includes a plurality of track segments, each section having a respective controller. One of the controllers receives a motion command for a plurality of carts, respectively. The controller generates a force command for each of the plurality of carts and transmits the respective commands to the track segments commutating the plurality of carts.

A semiconductor device according to an embodiment includes: a silicon carbide layer; a silicon oxide layer; and a region disposed between the silicon carbide layer and the silicon oxide layer and having a nitrogen concentration equal to or more than 1 × 10.sup.21 cm.sup.-3. A nitrogen concentration distribution in the silicon carbide layer, the silicon oxide layer, and the region have a peak in the region, a nitrogen concentration at a first position 1 nm away from the peak to the side of the silicon oxide layer is equal to or less than 1 × 10.sup.18 cm.sup.-3 and a carbon concentration at the first position is equal to or less than 1 × 10.sup.18 cm.sup.-3, and a nitrogen concentration at a second position 1 nm away from the peak to the side of the silicon carbide layer is equal to or less than 1 × 10.sup.18 cm-.sup.3.