An air-conditioning apparatus includes a compressor, a four-way valve, expansion means, and an indoor heat exchanger, and further includes a check valve disposed between a discharge side of the compressor and the four-way valve, a first solenoid valve disposed between the expansion means and the indoor heat exchanger, and a controller. Opening and closing of the first solenoid valve are controllable. The controller switches the four-way valve and switches the first solenoid valve between open and closed states. When a heating operation is stopped, the controller switches the four-way valve from connection for the heating operation to connection for a cooling operation, closes the first solenoid valve, and then stops the compressor.

A power converter for a railroad vehicle includes an air guide duct that takes air from a lateral side of one of a first heat radiating fin and a second heat radiating fin, guides the taken air to a region between the first heat radiating fin and the second heat radiating fin, and then guides the taken air to an end of the other of the first heat radiating fin and the second heat radiating fin in a running direction when the railroad vehicle is running.

A method and device for cooling and/or heating media, preferably in a motor vehicle, the method in which at least one first heat source is cooled and at least one second heat sink is heated by a thermal management system. In a method in which the heating or cooling can occur on demand, heat and/or cold are shifted by the thermal management system in space and time to the heat sink and/or heat source, which is characterized by need.

A storage and transport system for sodium hypochlorite pentahydrate (solid bleach) is provided. The system includes a container configured to receive and store crystalline solid bleach that includes of at least forty percent sodium hypochlorite, and to retain decomposition components from crystalline solid bleach stored in the container. The container includes a containment wall at least partially surrounding an interior containment space configured to receive solid bleach therein. A passage extends from exterior the container to the interior containment space. The passage is configured for solid bleach to pass therethrough. A liner is located at an interior surface of the containment wall. The liner is substantially non-reactive with solid bleach and, without leakage, capable of retaining within the containment space: (a) solid bleach, (b) decomposition components of solid bleach and (c) liquid bleach formed when dissolving water is added to solid bleach within the containment space.

An air-conditioning device has a duct that emits a flow of conditioned air and at least one circulation circuit intended for fitting out a carriage. The circulation circuit includes an air inlet through which passes an incoming airflow from the duct; at least one conduit for distributing air towards a compartment room, extending between an upstream end and a downstream end, both intended to be laid out in the carriage; a conduit for transferring conditioned air towards another adjacent air circulation circuit, which fits out a carriage adjacent to the first; and means for distributing conditioned air from the air inlet, and distributing the incoming airflow among the distribution and transfer conduits.

A vehicle air-conditioning apparatus that exhibits improved energy saving performance is provided. In addition, a vehicle with such a vehicle air-conditioning apparatus is provided. The vehicle air-conditioning apparatus includes a cooler provided in a first air passage, and a first air-sending device including a motor and a fan provided in the first air passage, and configured to drive the fan with the motor to thereby generate an airflow that flows into a vehicle interior through the first air passage. At least a part of an outer surface of the motor is located outside the first air passage.

A control device prevents rapid changes in an internal pressure of an enclosed space induced by an external environment. The control device includes a first pressure sensor in the enclosed space, a second pressure sensor outside the enclosed space, a pressurized container and a vacuum container in the enclosed space and a regulator to at least partially compensate for rapid pressure changes in the enclosed space detected in response to signals generated by the first and second pressure sensors. If the detected rapid pressure change is a decrease in the internal pressure in the enclosed space, the regulator controls the pressurized container to provide a controlled supply of air and if the detected rapid pressure change is an increase in the internal pressure in the enclosed space, the regulator controls the vacuum container to remove of air from the enclosed space.

A passenger compartment duct is provided with a passenger compartment air blow opening through which air is supplied into a passenger compartment and a cab-air-supply-duct communicating opening communicating with a cab air supply duct. The cab air supply duct is provided with a cab air blow opening through which air is supplied into a cab and a passenger-compartment-duct communicating opening communicating with the passenger compartment air supply duct. There are provided a damper turning communication from the passenger compartment air supply duct to the cab air supply duct ON or OFF, a cab air outlet through which air in the cab is discharged to the outside of the cab, and a damper opening or closing the cab air outlet. The cab air outlet includes a first outlet opened so as to communicate with an air intake side of cab air-conditioning units and a second outlet opened so as to communicate with the passenger compartment. The damper selectively discharges air in the cab to either the outside air intake side of the cab air-conditioning units or the passenger compartment.

A passenger compartment duct is provided with a passenger compartment air blow opening through which air is supplied into a passenger compartment and a cab-air-supply-duct communicating opening communicating with a cab air supply duct. The cab air supply duct is provided with a cab air blow opening through which air is supplied into a cab and a passenger-compartment-duct communicating opening communicating with the passenger compartment air supply duct. There are provided a damper turning communication from the passenger compartment air supply duct to the cab air supply duct ON or OFF, a cab air outlet through which air in the cab is discharged to the outside of the cab, and a damper opening or closing the cab air outlet. The cab air outlet includes a first outlet opened so as to communicate with an air intake side of cab air-conditioning units and a second outlet opened so as to communicate with the passenger compartment. The damper selectively discharges air in the cab to either the outside air intake side of the cab air-conditioning units or the passenger compartment.

An air purification and microbiological sanitization system for a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system of railway vehicle includes a casing with a chamber having an inlet opening for inflow of air into the chamber and an outlet opening for outflow of air from the chamber, a plurality of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for generating germicidal ultraviolet radiation in the chamber, an ionizer device for ionizing air in the chamber, an electronic control unit for controlling the HVAC system, and an air quality sensor for measuring concentration of particulate matter and of carbon dioxide in the air. The electronic control unit controls the radiant power of at least one LED as a function of a measurement signal transmitted by the air quality sensor.