Methods and materials for modulating aluminum tolerance in plants are disclosed. For example, nucleic acids encoding aluminum tolerance-modulating polypeptides are disclosed as well as methods for using such nucleic acids to transform plant cells. Also disclosed are plants having increased tolerance to aluminum and methods of increasing plant yield in soil containing elevated levels of aluminum.

Methods and materials for modulating aluminum tolerance in plants are disclosed. For example, nucleic acids encoding aluminum tolerance-modulating polypeptides are disclosed as well as methods for using such nucleic acids to transform plant cells. Also disclosed are plants having increased tolerance to aluminum and methods of increasing plant yield in soil containing elevated levels of aluminum.

Methods and materials for modulating aluminum tolerance in plants are disclosed. For example, nucleic acids encoding aluminum tolerance-modulating polypeptides are disclosed as well as methods for using such nucleic acids to transform plant cells. Also disclosed are plants having increased tolerance to aluminum and methods of increasing plant yield in soil containing elevated levels of aluminum.

Methods and materials for modulating aluminum tolerance in plants are disclosed. For example, nucleic acids encoding aluminum tolerance-modulating polypeptides are disclosed as well as methods for using such nucleic acids to transform plant cells. Also disclosed are plants having increased tolerance to aluminum and methods of increasing plant yield in soil containing elevated levels of aluminum.

Systems and methods for animal management are disclosed. In one embodiment, a method for managing an animal administering an animal feed ration to a plurality of animals, the animal feed ration comprising ingredients and a taggant. The method also includes visually observing the presence or absence of the taggant adhered to the snout of at least one of the plurality of animals. The method also includes determining if the animal has consumed the animal feed ration.

Systems and methods for animal management are disclosed. In one embodiment, a method for managing an animal administering an animal feed ration to a plurality of animals, the animal feed ration comprising ingredients and a taggant. The method also includes visually observing the presence or absence of the taggant adhered to the snout of at least one of the plurality of animals. The method also includes determining if the animal has consumed the animal feed ration.

A specific type of digestibility in a companion animal can be improved by adjusting the diet of the animal to increase the amount of a compound which positively or negatively modulates the specific type of digestibility or adjusting the diet of the animal to decrease the amount of a compound which positively or negatively modulates the specific type of digestibility. The specific type of digestibility can be one or more of organic matter digestibility, dry matter digestibility, fiber digestibility, energy digestibility, fat digestibility, or protein digestibility.

Cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins, and low-density lipoproteins in a companion animal can be improved by adjusting the diet of the animal to increase the amount of a compound which positively or negatively modulates the cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins, or low-density lipoproteins or adjusting the diet of the animal to decrease the amount of a compound which positively or negatively modulates cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins, or low-density lipoproteins.

Bone mineral content, 25(OH) vitamin D3, or 1,25(OH).sub.2 vitamin D3 in a companion animal can be improved by adjusting the diet of the animal to increase the amount of a compound which positively or negatively modulates the bone mineral content, 25(OH) vitamin D3, or 1,25(OH).sub.2 vitamin D3 or adjusting the diet of the animal to decrease the amount of a compound which positively or negatively modulates the bone mineral content, 25(OH) vitamin D3, or 1,25(OH).sub.2 vitamin D3.

A specific bacterium in a companion animal can be improved by adjusting the diet of the animal to increase the amount of a compound which positively or negatively modulates the specific type of bacterium or to decrease the amount of a compound which positively or negatively modulates the specific type of bacterium. The specific type of bacterium can be one or more of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, or Clostridium perfringens.