The present invention addresses the problem of providing a reduced-calorie fruit juice or vegetable juice beverage, which is produced by reducing the calorie of a fruit juice or vegetable juice beverage, such as a 100% fruit juice or vegetable juice beverage, while maintaining the favor and juice liquid properties of fruit juice or vegetable juice. To solve this problem, there is provided a reduced-calorie fruit juice or vegetable juice beverage which maintains the flavor and juice liquid properties of fruit juice or vegetable juice, the reduced-calorie fruit juice or vegetable juice beverage being produced by treating the fruit juice or vegetable juice with a crude enzyme preparation of fructosyl transferase having substantially no pectinase activity.

Edible or potable substances can be transported in biodegradable vessel.

Provided herein are nutritional, or therapeutic, compositions and methods of use in primarily treating kidney patients suffering from low serum albumin. The compositions are divided into four formulations, comprising: 1) the magnesium salt and/or the calcium salt of the alpha keto acids of: α-leucine, α-valine, α-isoleucine, α-phenylalanine, α-hydroxy methionine; and/or α-tryptophan, and/or α-tyrosine; 2) L-lysine monoacetate, L-threonine; and/or 3) histidine, tryptophan, and tyrosine, as amino acids or base acids. The specific formulation administered depends in part upon which stage 2-5 of renal disease the patient has. The invention further comprises methods of treatment of disorders associated with low serum albumin using the composition as an over-the-counter pill. The patient's serum albumin is tested on a periodic basis and the selected composition and dose are adjusted accordingly. And the invention comprises method of making α-leucine, α-valine, α-isoleucine, a-tyrosine and α-tryptophan in a multi-step process.

The present invention concerns a food capsule (100, 300) comprising a cup-shaped capsule body (101, 301) enclosing a cavity (102, 302) with an opening (105, 305) at a first end (103, 303), a second end (104, 304) comprising at least one outlet (106a, 106b, 310, 311) communicating with said cavity (102, 302); an injection wall (112, 314) closing said opening (105, 305); and at least one partition (107, 306) within said cavity (102, 302) extending from said injection wall (112, 314) to said second end (104, 304) of said capsule body (101, 301) and dividing said cavity (102, 302) into a plurality of chambers (108, 109, 308, 309); characterized in that each chamber houses a quantity of an alimentary substance (110, 111, 315, 316) and communicates with at least one outlet comprising an independently-operable closure means (106a, 106b, 310, 311) in said second end (104, 304).

The present invention concerns a food capsule (100, 300) comprising a cup-shaped capsule body (101, 301) enclosing a cavity (102, 302) with an opening (105, 305) at a first end (103, 303), a second end (104, 304) comprising at least one outlet (106a, 106b, 310, 311) communicating with said cavity (102, 302); an injection wall (112, 314) closing said opening (105, 305); and at least one partition (107, 306) within said cavity (102, 302) extending from said injection wall (112, 314) to said second end (104, 304) of said capsule body (101, 301) and dividing said cavity (102, 302) into a plurality of chambers (108, 109, 308, 309); characterized in that each chamber houses a quantity of an alimentary substance (110, 111, 315, 316) and communicates with at least one outlet comprising an independently-operable closure means (106a, 106b, 310, 311) in said second end (104, 304).

Phospholipid concentration methods involve use of a dairy composition, such as buttermilk or butter serum, as a starting material. The dairy composition is subjected to a first ultrafiltration, yielding a first permeate and a first retentate. The first retentate is treated with carbon dioxide and subjected to microfiltration, yielding a second permeate and a second retentate. The second retentate is treated with carbon dioxide and subjected to a second ultrafiltration, yielding a third permeate and a third retentate. The third retentate includes at least 30 wt % phospholipids.

A lactone compound is represented by general formula (A), and an ether compound is represented by general formula (B). In formula (A), R is a hydrogen atom or R1. When R is a hydrogen atom, R′ is R1, the carbon bond (1) is a single bond or a double bond, and the carbon bond (2) is a single bond. When R is R1, R′ is a hydrogen atom or R1, both the carbon bonds (1) and (2) are a single bond, or one of them is a double bond and the other is a single bond. In formula (B), R″ is R1. R1 represents a specific alkyl group, a specific alkenyl group, a specific alkynyl group, or an aryl group. In formulas (A) and (B), n is 0 or 1. ##STR00001##

A batch carbonation apparatus includes a housing defining a vessel cavity. The housing includes an agitation mechanism. The pressure vessel includes a cap that has a CO2 inlet and a CO2 outlet is provided. The pressure vessel also includes a seal. The pressure vessel is moveable into an out of the vessel cavity. A locking mechanism is provided and is attached to the agitation mechanism to removably lock the cap and seal relative to the pressure vessel. A CO2 source is connected to a plurality of valves where each valve has a differing pressure. A selection toggle is attached to the housing. A control mechanism is coupled to the plurality of valves. A user selects a desired carbonation level using the selection toggle and CO2 is introduced to the pressure vessel at a specified pressure wherein the agitation mechanism agitates liquid within the pressure vessel forming a carbonated beverage having a selected carbonation level. Also disclosed is a process of forming a carbonated beverage in a batch.

A batch carbonation apparatus includes a housing defining a vessel cavity. The housing includes an agitation mechanism. The pressure vessel includes a cap that has a CO2 inlet and a CO2 outlet is provided. The pressure vessel also includes a seal. The pressure vessel is moveable into an out of the vessel cavity. A locking mechanism is provided and is attached to the agitation mechanism to removably lock the cap and seal relative to the pressure vessel. A CO2 source is connected to a plurality of valves where each valve has a differing pressure. A selection toggle is attached to the housing. A control mechanism is coupled to the plurality of valves. A user selects a desired carbonation level using the selection toggle and CO2 is introduced to the pressure vessel at a specified pressure wherein the agitation mechanism agitates liquid within the pressure vessel forming a carbonated beverage having a selected carbonation level. Also disclosed is a process of forming a carbonated beverage in a batch.

An embodiment of the present invention provides a carbonated beverage comprising a stevia extract in which foaming is suppressed and a method for producing the same. A carbonated beverage comprising RebA and RebD and/or RebM, wherein a content of RebA is 500 ppm or less; a content of RebD and/or RebM is 486 ppm or less; ((RebD and/or RebM)/RebA) is 0.45 or more in a mass ratio; and a total content of RebA and RebD and/or RebM is 0.5 to 13.5 in Brix in terms of sucrose.