Some embodiments provide methods and systems for creating ladder/standards as quality control tools for length-based separation of carbon nanotubes; determining the length purity; or measuring distribution of lengths of a collection of carbon nanotubes. Some embodiments further provide methods and systems for dispersing carbon nanotubes by conjugation of the carbon nanotubes with biomolecule moieties, specifically proteins. Further, some embodiments provide an indicator for length-based separation of carbon nanotubes via conjugation of one or more biomolecules onto the surfaces of the nanotubes. In some embodiments, such a method can include conjugating a biomolecule to the carbon nanotubes and subjecting the conjugated carbon nanotubes to silver-stained gel electrophoresis to separate the conjugated carbon nanotubes based on their lengths.

A method of concurrently determining length and diameter of nanowires. Nanowires are provided onto a support. A chosen illumination of the nanowires on the support is provided. An image of the nanowires on the support is obtained. A length of each nanowire is calculated by an image processing program. A relative diameter of each nanowire is calculated based on an integrated intensity of light scattered per unit length from each nanowire.

A method for detecting an analyte includes providing a sensor that includes a plurality of coupled polaritonic structures having polaritonic resonances. A surface of at least one of the polaritonic structure in the sensor is functionalized by providing a receptor for binding the analyte to the surface. The sensor is operated at an exceptional point (EP). The presence of the analyte on the surface is identified when a degeneracy of resonant frequencies and linewidths is lifted and a splitting of the resonant frequencies and linewidths occurs.

A multi-functional scanning probe microscopy nanoprobe may include a cantilever, a tapered structure formed on a surface of the cantilever from a first material, and a nanopillar formed on an apex of the tapered structure from a second material. One of the first and second materials may exhibit ferromagnetism and the other may have greater electrical conductivity. A method of simultaneous multi-mode operation during scanning probe microscopy may include scanning a sample with the nanoprobe in contact with the sample to produce a current measurement indicative of an electric current flowing through the sample and a height measurement indicative of a topography of the sample and, thereafter, scanning the sample with the nanoprobe oscillating about a lift height derived from the height measurement to produce a deflection measurement (e.g. phase shift) indicative of a magnetic force between the sample and the nanoprobe.

A method of detecting an abnormal growth of graphene includes: preparing an inspection target having a graphene film formed on a substrate by CVD; receiving light from the graphene film by using a dark field optical system; and inspecting the received light, thereby detecting the abnormal growth of the graphene.

Methods for characterizing a nanotube formulation with respect to one or more particular ionic species are disclosed. Within the methods of the present disclosure, this characterization provides control over the surface roughness (or smoothness) and the degree of rafting within a nanotube fabric formed from such a nanotube formulation. In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a nanotube formulation roughness curve (and methods for generating such a curve) that can be used to select a utilizable range of ionic species concentration levels that will provide a nanotube fabric with a desired surface roughness (or smoothness) and degree of rafting. In some aspects of the present disclosure, such a nanotube formulation roughness curve can be used adjust nanotube formulation prior to a nanotube formulation deposition process to provide nanotube fabrics that are relatively smooth with a low degree of rafting.

A method for producing high purity iron oxide nanoparticles using nanoparticle-producing cells, including: a) a pre-growth step that includes amplifying the nanoparticle-producing cell(s) in a pre-growth and/or fed-batch medium/media, and b) a growth step that includes amplifying the nanoparticle-producing cell(s) originating from the pre-growth step in a growth and/or fed-batch medium/media, wherein the pre-growth and/or growth and/or fed-batch medium/media comprise(s), per kilogram or liter of pre-growth and/or growth and/or fed-batch medium/media: i) no more than 0.005 gram of yeast extract, and ii) no more than 0.001 gram of CMR agent selected from boric acid and nitrilotriacetic acid, wherein the fed-batch medium when it is present is a medium that supplements the pre-growth and/or growth medium/media, and wherein more nanoparticles are produced in the growth step than in the pre-growth step.

A method for controlling the encapsulation efficiency and burst release of water soluble molecules from nanoparticle and microparticle formulations produced by the inverted Flash NanoPrecipitation (iFNP) process and subsequent processing steps is presented. The processing steps and materials used can be adjusted to tune the encapsulation efficiency and burst release of the encapsulated water-soluble material. The encapsulation efficiency of the soluble agent in the particles and the burst release of the soluble agent from the particles can be controlled by: (1) the copolymers used in the assembly or coating process, (2) the degree of crosslinking of the nanoparticle core, (3) the incorporation of small molecule or polymeric additives, and/or (4) the processing and release conditions employed.

Methods and systems for subsurface imaging of nanostructures buried inside a plate shaped substrate are provided. An ultrasonic generator at a side face of the substrate is used to couple ultrasound waves (W) into an interior of the substrate. The interior has or forms a waveguide for propagating the ultrasound waves (W) in a direction (X) along a length of the substrate transverse to the side face. The nanostructures are imaged using an AFM tip to measure an effect (E) at the top surface caused by direct or indirect interaction of the ultrasound waves (W) with the buried nanostructures.

A multi-component mesocrystalline nanoparticle is provided. The multi-component mesocrystalline nanoparticle includes an iron oxide nanocluster; and metal oxide nanocrystals bound to a surface of the iron oxide.