Methods of making and using nanoparticle pharmaceutical compositions comprising histidine-lysine copolymers are provided. The solutions spontaneously form nanoparticles when mixed with nucleic acids such as siRNA. Methods are provided where the pH of the nucleic acid solution is controlled prior to mixing leading to a reduction in nanoparticle diameter to a desirable range, typically 100-150 nm, and Polydispersity Index (PDI), both of which improve transport into target cells to improve the efficacy of gene silencing.

A method for forming a pellicle for an extreme ultraviolet lithography is provided. The method includes forming a pellicle membrane over a filter membrane and transferring the pellicle membrane from the filter membrane to a membrane border. Forming the pellicle membrane includes growing carbon nanotubes (CNTs) from in-situ formed metal catalyst particles in a first reaction zone of a reactor, each of the CNTs including a metal catalyst particle at a growing tip thereof, growing boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) to surround individual CNTs in a second reaction zone of the reactor downstream of the first reaction zone, thereby forming heterostructure nanotubes each including a CNT core and a BNNT shell, and collecting the heterostructure nanotubes on the filter membrane. The metal catalyst particles are partially or completely removed during growing the BNNTs.

A method for preparing fluorescent carbon quantum dots by using gas-liquid two-phase plasma is provided, which relates to the field of fluorescent carbon quantum technology. On the basis of liquid phase plasma, an inert gas is introduced to generate plasma by a gas-liquid two-phase discharge method. The introduction of inert gas facilitates the formation of discharge channels, reduces the difficulty of product synthesis, improves mass transfer rates of active particles, helps to improve synthesis rates of carbon nano-products, increases discharge contact area and enhances discharge stability. A high reaction efficiency and a short time consumption can be realized. A pulsed power supply is adopted for discharge, which has lower energy consumption compared with the direct current discharge. Moreover, the process is simple, raw materials are easy to obtain, and there is no need for catalysts, strong oxidants or strong corrosives, so the purity of the product maybe higher.

Provided herein are compositions comprising concentrated dispersions of silver nanoparticles. Also provided herein are methods of preparing concentrated dispersions of silver nanoparticles.

Natural and/or synthetic antibodies for specific proteins are adhered to nanoparticles. The nanoparticles are adhered to a substrate and the substrate is exposed to a sample that may contain the specific proteins. The substrates are then tested with surface enhanced Raman scattering techniques and/or localized surface plasmon resonance techniques to quantify the amount of the specific protein in the sample.

Natural and/or synthetic antibodies for specific proteins are adhered to nanoparticles. The nanoparticles are adhered to a substrate and the substrate is exposed to a sample that may contain the specific proteins. The substrates are then tested with surface enhanced Raman scattering techniques and/or localized surface plasmon resonance techniques to quantify the amount of the specific protein in the sample.

Material compositions are provided that may comprise, for example, a vertically aligned carbon nanotube (VACNT) array, a conductive layer, and a carbon interlayer coupling the VACNT array to the conductive layer. Methods of manufacturing are provided. Such methods may comprise, for example, providing a VACNT array, providing a conductive layer, and bonding the VACNT array to the conductive layer via a carbon interlayer.

Material compositions are provided that may comprise, for example, a vertically aligned carbon nanotube (VACNT) array, a conductive layer, and a carbon interlayer coupling the VACNT array to the conductive layer. Methods of manufacturing are provided. Such methods may comprise, for example, providing a VACNT array, providing a conductive layer, and bonding the VACNT array to the conductive layer via a carbon interlayer.

The present invention provides soluble single wall nanotube (SWNT) constructs functionalized with a plurality of a targeting moiety and a plurality of one or more payload molecules attached thereto. The targeting moiety and the payload molecules may be attached to the soluble SWNT via a DNA or other oligomer platform attached to the SWNT. These soluble SWNT constructs may comprise a radionuclide or contrast agent and as such are effective as diagnostic and therapeutic agents. Methods provided herein are to diagnosing or locating a cancer, treating a cancer, eliciting an immune response against a cancer or delivering an anticancer drug in situ via an enzymatic nanofactory using the soluble SWNT constructs.

The present invention provides soluble single wall nanotube (SWNT) constructs functionalized with a plurality of a targeting moiety and a plurality of one or more payload molecules attached thereto. The targeting moiety and the payload molecules may be attached to the soluble SWNT via a DNA or other oligomer platform attached to the SWNT. These soluble SWNT constructs may comprise a radionuclide or contrast agent and as such are effective as diagnostic and therapeutic agents. Methods provided herein are to diagnosing or locating a cancer, treating a cancer, eliciting an immune response against a cancer or delivering an anticancer drug in situ via an enzymatic nanofactory using the soluble SWNT constructs.