A composition of matter having the following chemical structure:

[00001]$\left[\frac{H_x.Math.O_{\left(x-1\right)}}{2}\right].Math.Z_y$ wherein x is and odd integer3; y is an integer between 1 and 20; and Z is one of a monoatomic ion from Groups 14 through 17 having a charge value between 1 and 3 or a polyatomic ion having a charge between 1 and 3.

A composition of matter having the following chemical structure:

[00001]$.Math.H_x.Math.O_{\frac{\left(x-1\right)}{2}}.Math..Math.Z_y$

wherein x is and odd integer >3;
y is an integer between 1 and 20; and
Z is one of a monoatomic ion from Groups 14 through 17 having a charge value between 1 and 3 or a polyatomic ion having a charge between 1 and 3.

A composition of matter having the following chemical structure:

[00001]$.Math.H_x.Math.O_{\frac{\left(x-1\right)}{2}}.Math..Math.Z_y$

wherein x is and odd integer >3;
y is an integer between 1 and 20; and
Z is one of a monoatomic ion from Groups 14 through 17 having a charge value between 1 and 3 or a polyatomic ion having a charge between 1 and 3.

The present invention is a carbon material for a catalyst carrier of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell, which has a three-dimensional dendritic structure, and simultaneously satisfies the following (A), (B), and (C). (A) By a laser Raman spectroscopic analysis with a wavelength of 532 nm, a standard deviation (R) of an intensity ratio (R value) of an intensity of a D-band (near 1360 cm.sup.1) to an intensity of a G-band (near 1580 cm.sup.1) measured with a beam diameter of 1 m at 50 measurement points is from 0.01 to 0.07. (B) A BET specific surface area S.sub.BET is from 400 to 1520 m.sup.2/g. (C) A nitrogen gas adsorption amount V.sub.N:0.4-0.8 during a relative pressure (p/p.sub.0) from 0.4 to 0.8 is from 100 to 300 cc(STP)/g. A method of producing such a carbon material for a catalyst carrier is also included.

Here are described methods for the delithiation of carbon-free olivines, for instance, by the addition of an external carbon source in the presence of an oxidizing agent, e.g. a persulfate.

A method of producing black phosphorus which includes the steps of: weighing and mixing reaction raw materials which comprises metallic tin, red phosphorus and monocrystalline iodine, wherein a weight ratio of tin: red phosphorus: iodine is 0.6-3.5: 5-45: 0.1-0.8; feeding the mixture to a high-temperature resistant metal reaction tube; removing air by introducing inert gas and sealing the reaction tube tightly; placing the metal reaction tube inside a muffle furnace for carrying out calcination reaction by first increasing a temperature at a preset rate to a maximum temperature and keeping warm and then decreasing a temperature at a preset rate and keeping warm, then to room temperature so that the black phosphorus is produced. The conversion rate is very high and the quality of the produced product is classified as high quality.

A phosphorus production method can include reducing feed containing phosphate ore and providing a silica ratio from 0.3 to 0.7 in a reaction chamber from 1250 to 1380 C. Less than 20% of the phosphate remains in the residue. Another phosphorus production method includes continuously moving a reducing bed through the reaction chamber with the feed agglomerates substantially stable while in the reducing bed. Reaction chamber temperature can be from 1250 to 1380 C. A phosphorus production system includes a barrier wall segmenting the reaction chamber into a reduction zone differentiated from a preheat zone. The bed floor is configured to move continuously from the preheat zone to the reduction zone during operation. A method for producing a reduction product includes exothermically oxidizing reduction/oxidation products in the reaction chamber, thereby adding heat to the reducing bed from the freeboard as a second heat source.

Black phosphorous (BP) flakes are nanostructured via electrochemical intercalation of Na.sup.+ ions into bundles of phosphorene nanoribbons (PNRs). The large diffusion barrier of Na.sup.+ ions along the armchair direction leads to a well-defined columnar intercalation of Na.sup.+ ions in BP, resulting in the long zigzag-oriented columns of disordered material. The sonication of the bundles is then used to separate the PNRs.

Provided is an all-solid state secondary battery comprising a laminate in which a positive electrode layer, a solid electrolyte layer, and a negative electrode layer are laminated in this order, in which respective areas of the positive electrode layer, the solid electrolyte layer, and the negative electrode layer satisfy [the area of the positive electrode layer]<[the area of the negative electrode layer][the area of the solid electrolyte layer], a buffer layer having an area more than the area of the solid electrolyte layer and having a Young's modulus lower than that of each of, the positive electrode layer, the solid electrolyte layer, and the negative electrode layer is provided on either or both of a side of the positive electrode layer opposite to the solid electrolyte layer side and a side of the negative electrode layer opposite to the solid electrolyte layer side, and the laminate is in a pressurized state through the buffer layer.

Methods and materials for providing corrosion protection for atomically thin materials are described. In some embodiments, an atomically thin material may have a coating that includes one or more alkyl amine species. The coating may cover at least a portion of the atomically thin material, and the coating may form a corrosion protection layer. Depending on the particular materials, a coating may be ionically bonded to at least a portion of an atomically thin material. In some embodiments, a method of forming a corrosion protection layer on at least a portion of an atomically thin material may involve exposing at least a portion of an atomically thin material that corrodes under normal atmospheric conditions to an alkyl amine.