The disclosed materials, methods, and apparatus, provide novel ultra-high temperature materials (UHTM) in fibrous forms/structures; such “fibrous materials” can take various forms, such as individual filaments, short-shaped fiber, tows, ropes, wools, textiles, lattices, nano/microstructures, mesostructured materials, and sponge-like materials. At least four important classes of UHTM materials are disclosed in this invention: (1) carbon, doped-carbon and carbon alloy materials, (2) materials within the boron-carbon-nitride-X system, (3) materials within the silicon-carbon-nitride-X system, and (4) highly-refractory materials within the tantalum-hafnium-carbon-nitride-X and tantalum-hafnium-carbon-boron-nitride-X system. All of these material classes offer compounds/mixtures that melt or sublime at temperatures above 1800° C.—and in some cases are among the highest melting point materials known (exceeding 3000° C.). In many embodiments, the synthesis/fabrication is from gaseous, solid, semi-solid, liquid, critical, and supercritical precursor mixtures using one or more low molar mass precursor(s), in combination with one or more high molar mass precursor(s). Methods for controlling the growth, composition, and structures of UHTM materials through control of the thermal diffusion region are disclosed.

Hot pressing hollow carbon nanoparticles results in a nano-carbon foam that can be used for energy storage, carbon dioxide capture or water desalination.

Provided is a method for continuously producing graphene aerogel microspheres, including mixing graphene oxide and water to form a graphene oxide dispersion, mixing the dispersion and an alkali metal hydroxide, and ultrasonically dispersing the mixture to obtain a liquid crystal solution of graphene oxide; placing the liquid crystal solution into a slurry supply apparatus, and pressurizing the slurry supply apparatus by a pressure supply apparatus while feeding the liquid crystal solution into a calcium chloride coagulation bath by a splitter, to obtain graphene oxide microspheres; placing the graphene oxide microspheres into a solution of sodium ascorbate, and letting the reaction proceed to obtain wet gel microspheres of graphene; and treating the wet gel microspheres of graphene to obtain graphene aerogel microspheres.

Provided is a rubber composition that, when adopted in a tire member such as a tread, displays low heat generation, high abrasion resistance, and high cut resistance, and enables excellent fatigue cracking resistance to be realized. The rubber composition contains carbon black that satisfies relationship formulae (1) to (3), shown below.

62.5×24M4DBP+hydrogen amount of carbon black≦8337.5   (1)

24M4DBP−0.25×CTAB≧62.5   (2)

Dst+0.75×ΔD50≧152.5   (3)

A carbon nanotube production system is used for improving plant growth characteristics for a plant growing medium, for example soil in an agricultural field. The system includes an internal combustion engine, for example a tractor engine, which is arranged to combust a fuel mixture therein which includes a blend of fuels and additives including a carbon nanotube seeding material. The engine is operated in pyrolysis to produce exhaust emissions containing black carbon ultrafine and nano soot, for example by towing an agricultural implement across the agricultural field. At least a portion of the exhaust emissions is captured and conditioned to process the carbon soot into carbon nanotubes. The conditioned exhaust emissions and carbon nanotubes therein are then applied to the plant growing medium, for example by using the agricultural implement to incorporate the conditioned exhaust into the soil.

A thin-plate-like flexible carbon plate having flexibility, excellent compressive strength, and even electrical conductivity is provided. A carbon plate 1 is a carbon plate having a thickness of 0.05 to 2.0 mm obtained by compression molding of a mixture of (a) 97 to 80 wt % carbon powder composed of 95 to 30 wt % expanded graphite powder and 5 to 70 wt % graphite powder, and (b) 3 to 20 wt % phenolic resin that do not contain ammonia, wherein a compressive strength is 3 MPa or more, a bending strain is 0.6% or more without a crack, and a contact resistance is 6 mΩ.Math.cm.sup.2 or less.

A composition is provided that includes: a carbonized carbon having an iodine number of at least 60 mg/g and a domain size of between 1.0 and 2.3 nm. An article or fuel is provided that includes the composition in a polymer forming a matrix or water suspension, respectively. A composition of so provided and derived from wood has been assigned a new CAS number (CAS No. 1362167-53-0).

The disclosure relates to a method for sorting a collection of bodies including cemented carbide bodies and non-cemented carbide bodies. A melt having one or more of bismuth, tin and lead and having a density in the range of 7.0-12.0 g/cm.sup.3 is provided. The collection is subjected to a sorting process based on density difference by providing the collection in the melt and allowing the bodies to be sorted into a first group at a top surface of the melt and a second group at a bottom of the melt. The first group includes non-cemented carbide bodies having a density lower than the density of the melt and the second group includes cemented carbide bodies having a density higher than the density of the melt. The present disclosure also relates to a method for recycling of cemented carbides comprising the sorting method and recycling of the second group.

The present invention provides an electrode material for an electrochemical capacitor having high surface utilization efficiency, composed of a porous carbon material capable of further contributing to higher electrostatic capacitance of the electrochemical capacitor and to development of high rate characteristics; the porous carbon material having a co-continuous structural portion in which a carbon skeleton and voids form respective continuous structures, the co-continuous structural portion having a structural period of 0.002 μm to 20 μm.

The present invention is a carbon nanotube aggregate having a three-dimensional shape. The carbon nanotube aggregate having a three-dimensional shape includes a first surface, a second surface and a side surface, wherein a carbon nanotube of the first surface has a Herman orientation coefficient greater than −0.1 and smaller than 0.2, a carbon nanotube of the second surface has a Herman orientation coefficient greater than −0.1 and smaller than 0.2, and a carbon nanotube of the side surface has degree of orientation in which a Herman orientation coefficient is 0.2 or more and 0.99 or less, and the first surface and second surface are mutually arranged in parallel and the side surface is perpendicular with respect to the first surface and second surface.