Silver sulfadiazine-immobilized inorganic fillers are described, and their synthesis is presented. The fillers are believed to have utility in dental composites and dental adhesives to achieve potent, long-term, and none-leaching antimicrobial effects.

A sodium carbonate production system for recapturing thermal energy lost during sodium carbonate manufacturing includes a triple effect evaporator apparatus, a thermal energy waste recovery apparatus, and a barometric surface condenser. The thermal energy waste recovery apparatus comprises an ammonia heat exchanger in operational communication with the triple effect evaporator apparatus. An ammonia turbine is in operational communication with the ammonia heat exchanger. An electric generator is in operational communication with the ammonia turbine to produce electricity. An ammonia compressor is in operational communication with the ammonia turbine and the ammonia heat exchanger. The ammonia heat exchanger is in operational communication with the barometric surface condenser.

Effluent water is combined with carbon dioxide sourced from a carbon dioxide-containing emission stream to produce a reaction solution. The pH of the reaction solution is controlled to induce precipitation of a carbonate salt from the reaction solution.

The present invention relates to a method for producing lithium hydroxide and lithium carbonate, wherein the lithium hydroxide and the lithium carbonate can be produced by a series of steps of: performing bipolar electrodialysis of a lithium-containing solution from which divalent ion impurities have been removed; concentrating lithium in the lithium-containing solution and at the same time, converting the lithium to lithium hydroxide; and carbonating the lithium hydroxide to obtain lithium carbonate.

The present invention relates to a method for producing lithium hydroxide and lithium carbonate, wherein the lithium hydroxide and the lithium carbonate can be produced by a series of steps of: performing bipolar electrodialysis of a lithium-containing solution from which divalent ion impurities have been removed; concentrating lithium in the lithium-containing solution and at the same time, converting the lithium to lithium hydroxide; and carbonating the lithium hydroxide to obtain lithium carbonate.

The present invention relates to a negative electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery, which comprises graphite having an alkali carbonate layer formed on a surface thereof, wherein the graphite has an I.sub.D/I.sub.G ratio of 0.05 to 0.3 in Raman spectroscopy, and a method of preparing the same, wherein, since the negative electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery of the present invention includes the graphite having an alkali carbonate layer formed on the surface thereof, the alkali carbonate layer contributes to the formation of a stable solid electrolyte interface (SEI) to reduce a side reaction with an electrolyte solution including propylene carbonate. Thus, since low-temperature performance and initial efficiency of the lithium secondary battery may be improved, the negative electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery of the present invention is suitable for the preparation of the lithium secondary battery.

The present invention relates to a negative electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery, which comprises graphite having an alkali carbonate layer formed on a surface thereof, wherein the graphite has an I.sub.D/I.sub.G ratio of 0.05 to 0.3 in Raman spectroscopy, and a method of preparing the same, wherein, since the negative electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery of the present invention includes the graphite having an alkali carbonate layer formed on the surface thereof, the alkali carbonate layer contributes to the formation of a stable solid electrolyte interface (SEI) to reduce a side reaction with an electrolyte solution including propylene carbonate. Thus, since low-temperature performance and initial efficiency of the lithium secondary battery may be improved, the negative electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery of the present invention is suitable for the preparation of the lithium secondary battery.

The present invention provides a nonaqueous electrolytic solution that provides an electric double layer capacitor having excellent durability. The nonaqueous electrolytic solution of the present invention is a nonaqueous electrolytic solution for electric double layer capacitors prepared by dissolving a quaternary ammonium salt as an electrolyte in a nonaqueous solvent, and the nonaqueous electrolytic solution has an alkali metal cation concentration of 0.1 to 30 ppm.

The present invention provides a nonaqueous electrolytic solution that provides an electric double layer capacitor having excellent durability. The nonaqueous electrolytic solution of the present invention is a nonaqueous electrolytic solution for electric double layer capacitors prepared by dissolving a quaternary ammonium salt as an electrolyte in a nonaqueous solvent, and the nonaqueous electrolytic solution has an alkali metal cation concentration of 0.1 to 30 ppm.

Effluent water is combined with carbon dioxide sourced from a carbon dioxide-containing emission stream to produce a reaction solution. The pH of the reaction solution is controlled to induce precipitation of a carbonate salt from the reaction solution.