The invention features an electrochemical cell having an anode and a cathode; wherein at least one of the anode and cathode includes a solid ionically conducting polymer material that can ionically conduct hydroxyl ions.

A method for forming a crystalline material having an anisotropic, quasi-one-dimensional crystal structure is disclosed. In various embodiments, the method includes: mixing a plurality of precursor materials together to form a combined precursor material, the plurality of precursor materials including a transition-metal ion or a main group ion and at least one of an alkaline earth ion or an alkali metal ion; and reacting the combined precursor material to obtain the crystalline material, the crystalline material having a formula ABX3, wherein A is the at least one of the alkaline earth ion or the alkali metal ion and B is the transition-metal ion surrounded by six anions (X), and wherein the quasi-one-dimensional anisotropic crystal provides a birefringence of at least 0.03, defined as the absolute difference in the real part of the complex-refractive-index values along different crystal axes, in at least a portion of one or N both of the visible-wave spectrum or the infrared spectrum.

A fluoride ion conductor contains rubidium, magnesium, and fluorine. In an average composition of the fluoride ion conductor, the ratio of the number of moles of the magnesium to the total number of moles of the rubidium and the magnesium is less than 0.4.

Magnesium chloride solutions including providing aqueous magnesium chloride solution with magnesium chloride concentration of 10-30 wt. % to concentration step where water is evaporated, resulting in concentrated magnesium chloride solution with magnesium chloride concentration of 30-50 wt. %, wherein concentration step is carried out in one or more stages, wherein at least one of the stages is conducted at elevated pressure, withdrawing concentrated magnesium chloride solution from concentration step, and providing it to thermohydrolysis reactor of at least 300 C., withdrawing MgO from thermohydrolysis reactor in solid form, and withdrawing a HCl containing gas stream of at least 300 C. from thermohydrolysis reactor, providing the HCl-containing gas stream of at least 300 C. to cooling step, where HCl-containing gas stream is contacted with cooling liquid, withdrawing HCl-containing gas stream below 150 C. from cooling step, circulating cooling liquid through heat exchanger where energy is transferred to heating liquid which circulates from heat exchanger to concentration step.

The present invention relates to a system and method for desulfurization and denitrification integrated treatment and recycling of flue gas by using red mud, and belongs to the recycling and environmental protection technology field. The system includes a desulfurization spray tower, an ozone generator, a denitration spray tower, a slurry mixing tank, a slurry storage tank, a vacuum filter, an ammonia water neutralization tank, an aluminum hydroxide precipitation tank, an ammonia water tank, an aluminum hydroxide storage tank, a filter press, an ammonia distillation tower, a dephlegmator, a cooler, a concentrated ammonia water storage tank, a gypsum precipitation tank, and an anaerobic biochemical pool. In the present invention, red mud slurry is used for desulfurization and denitrification treatment of flue gas to remove SO.sub.2 and NO in the flue gas, so that SO.sub.2 and NO in the flue gas reach an emission standard.

A positive electrode material contains a positive electrode active material and a first solid electrolyte material. The first solid electrolyte material contains Li, M, and X; M at least contains yttrium; and X is at least one selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, and I.

Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to systems and methods of removing carbon dioxide from a gaseous stream using magnesium hydroxide and then regenerating the magnesium hydroxide. In some embodiments, the systems and methods can further comprise using the waste heat from one or more gas streams to provide some or all of the heat needed to drive the reactions. In some embodiments, magnesium chloride is primarily in the form of magnesium chloride dihydrate and is fed to a decomposition reactor to generate magnesium hydroxychloride, which is in turn fed to a second decomposition reactor to generate magnesium hydroxide.

Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to systems and methods of removing carbon dioxide from a gaseous stream using magnesium hydroxide and then regenerating the magnesium hydroxide. In some embodiments, the systems and methods can further comprise using the waste heat from one or more gas streams to provide some or all of the heat needed to drive the reactions. In some embodiments, magnesium chloride is primarily in the form of magnesium chloride dihydrate and is fed to a decomposition reactor to generate magnesium hydroxychloride, which is in turn fed to a second decomposition reactor to generate magnesium hydroxide.

A method for separation and enrichment of lithium includes the following steps: pretreatment: carrying out at least two dilutions and at least two filtrations on salina aged brine to obtain pretreated brine; separation: separating the pretreated brine via a nanofiltration separation system to obtain nanofiltration permeate and nanofiltration concentrate; first concentration: carrying out first concentration on the nanofiltration permeate via a reverse osmosis system to obtain reverse osmosis concentrate and reverse osmosis permeate; second concentration: carrying out second concentration on the reverse osmosis concentrate via an electrodialysis system to obtain electrodialysis concentrate and electrodialysis permeate, and the electrodialysis concentrate is solution enriching lithium ions. The present application couples several different membrane separation technologies and dilutes the salina aged brine for many times, thereby realizing the purposes of improving separation efficiency of magnesium and lithium and improving the enrichment efficiency of lithium.

Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to systems and methods of removing carbon dioxide from a gaseous stream using magnesium hydroxide and then regenerating the magnesium hydroxide. In some embodiments, the systems and methods can further comprise using the waste heat from one or more gas streams to provide some or all of the heat needed to drive the reactions. In some embodiments, magnesium chloride is primarily in the form of magnesium chloride dihydrate and is fed to a decomposition reactor to generate magnesium hydroxychloride, which is in turn fed to a second decomposition reactor to generate magnesium hydroxide.