Materials, methods of making, and methods of using a stable and regenerable immobilized amine sorbents for rare earth element and heavy metal recovery from liquid sources. Embodiments of the invention relate to the novel combination of different polyamines, primarily polyethylenimine Mw=800 (PEI.sub.800), and an epoxysilane, namely 2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)ethyltrimethoxysilane (ECTMS), covalently immobilizing theREE and heavy metal-adsorbing amine sites within low cost, porous silica particles.

Embodiments relate to systems and methods for regenerating and recirculating a CO, H.sub.2 or combinations thereof utilized for metal oxide reduction in a reduction furnace. The reduction furnace receives the reducing agent, reduces the metal oxide, and generates an exhaust of the oxidized product. The oxidized product is transferred to a mixing vessel, where the oxidized product, a calcium oxide, and a vanadium oxide interact to regenerate the reducing agent from the oxidized product. The regenerated reducing agent is transferred back to the reduction furnace for continued metal oxide reductions.

Embodiments relate to systems and methods for regenerating and recirculating a CO, H.sub.2 or combinations thereof utilized for metal oxide reduction in a reduction furnace. The reduction furnace receives the reducing agent, reduces the metal oxide, and generates an exhaust of the oxidized product. The oxidized product is transferred to a mixing vessel, where the oxidized product, a calcium oxide, and a vanadium oxide interact to regenerate the reducing agent from the oxidized product. The regenerated reducing agent is transferred back to the reduction furnace for continued metal oxide reductions.

A method for extracting copper values from a low grade copper ore feedstock is provided. The method includes (a) providing an ore feedstock of a copper oxide ore; (b) subjecting the ore to at least one process selected from the group consisting of primary crushing processes and secondary crushing processes; (c) subjecting the ore feedstock to high pressure grinding roll crushing, thereby obtaining a crushed ore; (d) subjecting the crushed ore to acid curing, thereby obtaining a cured ore; (e) subjecting the cured ore to vat or heap leaching, thus yielding a leachate; (f) passing the leachate through a first ion exchange resin which is selective to base metals plus copper, thereby removing a portion of the copper values from the leachate and yielding a first loaded resin and a first treated leachate; (g) stripping base metals plus copper values from the first loaded resin with a first stripping solution, thereby yielding a base metals plus copper-loaded stripping solution; (h) selectively extracting copper values from the copper-loaded stripping solution via solvent extraction, thereby obtaining an extract and a raffinate; and (i) crystallizing a copper salt from the extract, thereby obtaining a crystallized copper salt.

A membrane electrode assembly of an electrochemical device includes a proton conductive solid electrolyte membrane and an electrode including Ni and an electrolyte material which contains as a primary component, at least one of a first compound having a composition represented by BaZr.sub.1-x1M.sup.1.sub.x1O.sub.3 (M.sup.1 represents at least one element selected from trivalent elements each having an ion radius of more than 0.720 A° to less than 0.880 A°, and 0<x.sub.1<1 holds) and a second compound having a composition represented by BaZr.sub.1-x2Tm.sub.x2O.sub.3 (0<x.sub.2<0.3 holds).

Na-rich electrolyte compositions provided herein can be used in a variety of devices, such as sodium ionic batteries, capacitors and other electrochemical devices. Na-rich electrolyte compositions provided herein can have a chemical formula of Na.sub.3OX, Na.sub.3SX, Na .sub.(3-δ) M.sub.δ/2OX and Na .sub.(3-δ) M.sub.δ/2SX wherein 0<δ<0.8, wherein X is a monovalent anion selected from fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, H.sup.−, CN.sup.−, BF.sub.4.sup.−, BH.sub.4.sup.−, ClO.sub.4.sup.−, CH.sub.3.sup.−, NO.sub.2.sup.−, NH.sub.2.sup.− and mixtures thereof, and wherein M is a divalent metal selected from the group consisting of magnesium, calcium, barium, strontium and mixtures thereof. Na-rich electrolyte compositions provided herein can have a chemical formula of Na .sub.(3-δ) M.sub.δ/3OX and/or Na .sub.(3-δ) M.sub.δ/3SX; wherein 0<δ<0.5, wherein M is a trivalent cation M.sup.3, and wherein X is selected from fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, H.sup.−, CN.sup.−, BF.sub.4.sup.−, BH.sub.4.sup.−, ClO.sub.4.sup.−, CH.sub.3.sup.−, NO.sub.2.sup.−, NH.sup.2− and mixtures thereof. Synthesis and processing methods of NaRAP compositions for battery, capacitor, and other electrochemical applications are also provided.

A dielectric composition containing a complex oxide represented by the formula of xAO-yBO-zC.sub.2O.sub.5 as the main component, wherein A represents at least one element selected from the group including Ba, Ca and Sr, B represents Mg, and C represents at least one element selected from the group including Nb and Ta, and x, y and z meet the following conditions, x+y+z=1.000, 0.000<x≦0.281, 0.625≦y<1.000, and 0.000<z≦0.375.

The present specification relates to composite metal oxide particles manufactured by reacting two or more metal oxides and a method for manufacturing the same.

A method of arranging nanocrystals is provided, which includes a first process of putting barium titanate nanocrystals and/or strontium titanate nanocrystals, and a nonpolar solvent into a container, a second process of collecting a supernatant liquid including the barium titanate nanocrystals and/or the strontium titanate nanocrystals from the container, and a third process of immersing a substrate having an uneven structure into the supernatant liquid, and pulling up the substrate so as to coat the surface of the uneven structure with the supernatant liquid by using a capillary phenomenon, and to arrange the nanocrystals on the uneven structure.

A method is shown for the slaking of calcium oxides and magnesium from calcomagnesian compound containing at least 10 wt. % of MgO in relation to the total weight of said calcomagnesian compound, in which a slaking aqueous phase is supplied to a slaking device, and slaking the compound containing anhydrous dolomite delivered to the slaking device, by means of the slaking aqueous phase, forming hydrated solid particles of Mg(OH).sub.2, in the presence of an additive.