A method of producing ceria nanocrystals is provided. The method includes providing a gas that includes ozone to a solution that includes a cerium salt, and obtaining ceria nanocrystals from the solution after the gas is provided to the first solution. A method of producing nanoparticles is provided. The method includes providing a gas that includes ozone to a solution that includes a metal salt that includes at least one of a transition metal or a lanthanide, and producing at least one of metal oxide nanoparticles, metal oxynitrate nanoparticles, or metal oxyhydroxide nanoparticles from the solution after the gas is provided to the solution.

A single crystal yttrium aluminum perovskite scintillator has a minimum thickness of at least 5 mm and a transmittance of at least 50% at a wavelength of 370 nm. A method for fabricating the yttrium aluminum perovskite scintillator includes acquiring a yttrium aluminum perovskite single crystal boule, annealing the yttrium aluminum perovskite single crystal boule in an oxygen containing environment to obtain a partially annealed crystal, and annealing the partially annealed crystal in an inert environment or a reducing environment to obtain the yttrium aluminum perovskite single crystal scintillator.

An anticorrosive pigment comprising an aluminum polyphosphate comprises at least one cerium-based compound and/or one lanthanum-based compound and/or one praseodymium-based compound. An anticorrosive paint incorporating the pigment is also provided.

Ultra-clean char and ultra-clean gaseous hydrocarbons are produced from a carbon-based feedstock to generate maximum efficiency uniform heat and/or electricity in a clean environmentally friendly process. The ultra-clean char and ultra-clean gaseous hydrocarbon streams are produced by pyrolizing organic matter, such as coal or pet coke or any other carbon-based material including land, sea, plastics and industrial waste. The pyrolized organic matter may be combusted in the presence of oxygen to produce heat, which can be used to generate electricity in a conventional boiler/generator system. Further, pyrolized organic matter can be combusted in the presence of carbon dioxide and further processed to produce various hydrocarbons. In other embodiments, the ultra-clean post-combustion ash may be subjected to an extraction process for capturing valuable rare earth elements.

The radionuclide 43Sc is produced at commercially significant yields and at specific activities and radionuclidic purities which are suitable for use in radiodiagnostic agents including imaging agents. In a method, a solid target having an isotopically enriched target layer prepared on an inert substrate is positioned in a specially configured target holder and irradiated with a charged-particle beam of protons or deuterons. The beam is generated using an accelerator such as a biomedical cyclotron at energies ranging from 3 to about 22. MeV. The method includes the use of three different nuclear reactions: a) irradiation of enriched 43Ca targets with protons to generate the radionuclide 43Scin the nuclear reaction 43Ca (p,n)43Sc, b) irradiation of enriched 42Ca targets with deuterons to generate the radionuclide 43Sc in the nuclear reaction 42Ca(d,n)43Sc, and c) irradiation of enriched 46Ti targets with protons to generate the radionuclide 43Sc in the nuclear reaction 46Ti (p,a) 43Sc.

Described herein are compositions and methods relating to molecular cerium-oxide nanoclusters. In an aspect, described herein are methods of synthesizing molecular cerium-oxide nanocluster compositions and compositions thereof. In an aspect, described herein are methods of scavenging reactive oxygen species utilizing molecular cerium-oxide nanoclusters as described herein. Also described herein are pharmaceutical compositions and methods of use. Pharmaceutical compositions as described herein can comprise a therapeutically effective amount of a compound (such as a composition comprising one or more molecular cerium-oxide nanoclusters), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Methods of treating oxidative stress are also described herein, comprising administering pharmaceutical compositions as described herein to a subject in need thereof. This abstract is intended as a scanning tool for purposes of searching in the particular art and is not intended to be limiting of the present disclosure.

Provided are a Faraday rotator having a high light transmittance and a high Verdet constant and an optical isolator using the same. The Faraday rotator of the present invention contains a garnet type crystal represented by (Tb.sub.3-x-yR.sub.xBi.sub.y)Al.sub.5O.sub.12 (R represents one or more elements selected from Y, Er, Yb, or Lu, 0<x, and 0y). It is preferable that the Faraday rotator contains a garnet type crystal represented by (Tb.sub.3-x-yR.sub.xBi.sub.y)Al.sub.5O.sub.12 (R is one or more elements selected from Y or a lanthanoid (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, or Lu), 0x, and 0<y)).

Provided are a practical method for manufacturing TAG single crystal. The method of manufacturing a garnet type crystal brings a raw material solution into contact with a substrate formed of a Y.sub.3Al.sub.5O.sub.12 crystal or a Dy.sub.3Al.sub.5O.sub.12 crystal and performs liquid phase epitaxial growth. The garnet type crystal is represented by (Tb.sub.3-x-yR.sub.xBi.sub.y) Al.sub.5O.sub.12 (R is one or more elements selected from Y or a lanthanoid (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, or Lu), 0x, and 0y)).

One-step solution combustion synthesis (SCS) methods for fabricating durable crystalline transuranic-doped rare earth zirconium pyrochlores are described. Methods are fast, amenable to upscaling, and present a simple strategy for producing crystalline ceramic materials that meet the minimum attractiveness criteria for special nuclear material. The methods include analysis of reactants and reaction conditions to select proper fuel as well as proper fuel content so as to encourage formation of the crystalline product in a single-step synthesis procedure.

The invention provides a chemical-mechanical polishing composition including wet-process ceria particles having a median particle size of about 25 nm to about 150 nm and a particle size distribution of about 300 nm or more, and an aqueous carrier. The invention also provides a method of polishing a substrate, especially a substrate comprising a silicon layer, with the polishing composition.