Disclosed are an additive raw material composition and an additive for superhard material product, a composite binding agent, a superhard material product, a self-sharpening diamond grinding wheel and a method for manufacturing the same. The raw material composition consisting of components in following mass percentage: Bi.sub.2O.sub.3 25%˜40%, B.sub.2O.sub.3 25%˜40%, ZnO 5%˜25%, SiO.sub.2 2%˜10%, Al.sub.2O.sub.3 2%˜10%, Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 1%˜5%, Li.sub.2CO.sub.3 1%˜5%, MgCO.sub.3 0%˜5%, and CaF.sub.2 1%˜5%. The composite binding agent is prepared from the additive and a metal composite binding agent. The self-sharpening diamond grinding wheel prepared from the composite binding agent has high self-sharpness, high strength, and fine texture, is uniformly consumed during the grinding process, does not need to be trimmed during the process of being used, and maintains good grinding force all the time, fundamentally solving the problems of long trimming time and high trimming cost of the diamond grinding wheel (FIG. 1).

Disclosed are an additive raw material composition and an additive for superhard material product, a composite binding agent, a superhard material product, a self-sharpening diamond grinding wheel and a method for manufacturing the same. The raw material composition consisting of components in following mass percentage: Bi.sub.2O.sub.3 25%˜40%, B.sub.2O.sub.3 25%˜40%, ZnO 5%˜25%, SiO.sub.2 2%˜10%, Al.sub.2O.sub.3 2%˜10%, Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 1%˜5%, Li.sub.2CO.sub.3 1%˜5%, MgCO.sub.3 0%˜5%, and CaF.sub.2 1%˜5%. The composite binding agent is prepared from the additive and a metal composite binding agent. The self-sharpening diamond grinding wheel prepared from the composite binding agent has high self-sharpness, high strength, and fine texture, is uniformly consumed during the grinding process, does not need to be trimmed during the process of being used, and maintains good grinding force all the time, fundamentally solving the problems of long trimming time and high trimming cost of the diamond grinding wheel (FIG. 1).

It has been found, that when co-absorbing substances are added to intrinsic laser-absorbing bismuthoxide, the marking performance with a Nd.YAG-laser is improved or at least kept at the same level by reducing the costs. It is suspected, that the co-absorbing additive is not simply adding a contrast to the polymer by carbonizing the surrounding polymer but helping the bismuthoxide to couple the laser radiation and to ease the color change of this additive. This so found effect helps to cheapen the replacement of antimony trioxide and therewith have a safer and more sustainable solution for the current and future technology of laser marking.

It has been found, that when co-absorbing substances are added to intrinsic laser-absorbing bismuthoxide, the marking performance with a Nd.YAG-laser is improved or at least kept at the same level by reducing the costs. It is suspected, that the co-absorbing additive is not simply adding a contrast to the polymer by carbonizing the surrounding polymer but helping the bismuthoxide to couple the laser radiation and to ease the color change of this additive. This so found effect helps to cheapen the replacement of antimony trioxide and therewith have a safer and more sustainable solution for the current and future technology of laser marking.

A battery comprising an acidified metal oxide (“AMO”) material, preferably in monodispersed nanoparticulate form 20 nm or less in size, having a pH<7 when suspended in a 5 wt % aqueous solution and a Hammett function H.sub.0>−12, at least on its surface.

A battery comprising an acidified metal oxide (“AMO”) material, preferably in monodispersed nanoparticulate form 20 nm or less in size, having a pH<7 when suspended in a 5 wt % aqueous solution and a Hammett function H.sub.0>−12, at least on its surface.

Energetic compounds based on bismuth salts with reduced toxicity that are obtained through the reaction of soluble bismuth salts with soluble salts of organic or inorganic energetic compounds based on azides, derivatives aromatic nitro compounds or nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds, together with the methods for their preparation and application.

Energetic compounds based on bismuth salts with reduced toxicity that are obtained through the reaction of soluble bismuth salts with soluble salts of organic or inorganic energetic compounds based on azides, derivatives aromatic nitro compounds or nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds, together with the methods for their preparation and application.

The present invention relates to a semiconductor device comprising a semiconducting material, wherein the semiconducting material comprises a compound comprising: (i) one or more first monocations [A]; (ii) one or more second monocations [B.sup.I]; (iii) one or more trications [B.sup.III]; and (iv) one or more halide anions [X]. The invention also relates to a process for producing a semiconductor device comprising said semiconducting material. Also described is a compound comprising: (i) one or more first monocations [A]; (ii) one or more second monocations [B.sup.I] selected from Cu.sup.+, Ag.sup.+ and Au.sup.+; (iii) one or more trications [B.sup.III]; and (iv) one or more halide anions [X].

The present invention relates to a method of preparing a buffer material composed of bentonite modified with a layered double hydroxide (LDH) as a buffer material used for deep geological disposal of radioactive waste, the method including a step (a) of producing a first mixture by adding a compound containing a divalent cationic material, aluminum nitrate (Al(NO.sub.3).sub.3), and bismuth nitrate (Bi(NO.sub.3).sub.3) to a reactor.