A redox flow battery system includes an anolyte having a first ionic species in solution; a catholyte having a second ionic species in solution, where the redox flow battery system is configured to reduce the first ionic species in the anolyte and oxidize the second ionic species in the catholyte during charging; a first electrode in contact with the anolyte, where the first electrode includes channels for collection of particles of reduced metallic impurities in the anolyte; a second electrode in contact with the catholyte; and a separator separating the anolyte from the catholyte. A method of reducing metallic impurities in an anolyte of a redox flow battery system includes reducing the metallic impurities in the anolyte; collecting particles of the reduced metallic impurities; and removing the collected particles using a cleaning solution.

A redox flow battery system includes an anolyte having a first ionic species in solution; a catholyte having a second ionic species in solution, where the redox flow battery system is configured to reduce the first ionic species in the anolyte and oxidize the second ionic species in the catholyte during charging; a first electrode in contact with the anolyte, where the first electrode includes channels for collection of particles of reduced metallic impurities in the anolyte; a second electrode in contact with the catholyte; and a separator separating the anolyte from the catholyte. A method of reducing metallic impurities in an anolyte of a redox flow battery system includes reducing the metallic impurities in the anolyte; collecting particles of the reduced metallic impurities; and removing the collected particles using a cleaning solution.

A system includes a redox flow battery system that includes an anolyte, a catholyte, a first half-cell having a first electrode in contact with the anolyte, a second half-cell having a second electrode in contact with the catholyte, and a first separator separating the first half-cell from the second half-cell. The system also includes a balance arrangement that includes a balance electrolyte having vanadium ions in solution, a third half-cell having a third electrode in contact with the anolyte or the catholyte, a fourth half-cell having a fourth electrode in contact with the balance electrolyte, and a reductant in the balance electrolyte or introducible to the balance electrolyte for reducing dioxovanadium ions.

The present disclosure relates to the field of new materials, and aims at providing an A-site high-entropy nanometer metal oxide with high conductivity, and a preparation method thereof. The metal oxide has molecular formula of Gd.sub.0.4Er.sub.0.3La.sub.0.4Nd.sub.0.5Y.sub.0.4)(Zr.sub.0.7, Sn.sub.0.8, V.sub.0.5)O.sub.7 and is a powder, and has microstructure of the metal oxide as a square namometer sheet with a side length of 4-12 nm and a thickness of 1-3 nm. Compared with an existing high-entropy oxide, the product in the present disclosure has high conductivity, and can be well applied to a conductive alloy, an electrical contact composite material, a conductive composite material, a multifunctional bio-based composite material, a conductive/antistatic composite coating and the like.

A system includes a redox flow battery system that includes an anolyte, a catholyte, a first half-cell having a first electrode in contact with the anolyte, a second half-cell having a second electrode in contact with the catholyte, and a first separator separating the first half-cell from the second half-cell. The system also includes a balance arrangement that includes a balance electrolyte having vanadium ions in solution, a third half-cell having a third electrode in contact with the anolyte or the catholyte, a fourth half-cell having a fourth electrode in contact with the balance electrolyte, and a reductant in the balance electrolyte or introducible to the balance electrolyte for reducing dioxovanadium ions.

A highly scalable process has been developed for stabilizing large quantities of the zeta-polymorph of V.sub.2O.sub.5, a metastable kinetically trapped phase, with high compositional and phase purity. The process utilizes a beta-Cux V.sub.2O.sub.5 precursor which is synthetized from solution using all-soluble precursors. The copper can be leached from this structure by a room temperature post-synthetic route to stabilize an empty tunnel framework entirely devoid of intercalating cations. The metastable -V.sub.2O.sub.5 thus stabilized can be used as a monovalent-(Li, Na) or multivalent-(Mg, Ca, Al) ion battery cathode material.

The present disclosure relates to the field of new materials, and aims at providing an A-site high-entropy nanometer metal oxide with high conductivity, and a preparation method thereof. The metal oxide has molecular formula of Gd.sub.0.4Er.sub.0.3La.sub.0.4Nd.sub.0.5Y.sub.0.4)(Zr.sub.0.7, Sn.sub.0.8, V.sub.0.5)O.sub.7 and is a powder, and has microstructure of the metal oxide as a square nanometer sheet with a side length of 4-12 nm and a thickness of 1-3 nm. Compared with an existing high-entropy oxide, the product in the present disclosure has high conductivity, and can be well applied to a conductive alloy, an electrical contact composite material, a conductive composite material, a multifunctional bio-based composite material, a conductive/antistatic composite coating and the like.

A method for producing a vanadate extracts a vanadium component included in combustion fly ash or clinker. In the method, a vanadium component is recovered as a vanadate from combustion fly ash or clinker, the method including the following steps 1 to 5: (1) a step of adding an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution to combustion fly ash or clinker so that the water content is 5 to 35% by mass (step 1); (2) a step of mixing or kneading (step 2); (3) a step of heating the mixed or kneaded mixture (step 3); (4) a step of adding water to the mixture that has undergone the heating step in the step 3 to form a slurry (step 4); and (5) a step of recovering a vanadate in the aqueous phase after the solid-liquid separation of the slurry (step 5).

A system includes a redox flow battery system that includes an anolyte having chromium ions in solution, a catholyte having iron ions in solution, a first half-cell having a first electrode in contact with the anolyte, a second half-cell having a second electrode in contact with the catholyte, and a first separator separating the first half-cell from the second half-cell. The system also includes a balance arrangement that includes a balance electrolyte having vanadium ions in solution, a third half-cell having a third electrode in contact with the anolyte or the catholyte, a fourth half-cell having a fourth electrode in contact with the balance electrolyte, and a reductant in the balance electrolyte or introducible to the balance electrolyte for reducing dioxovanadium ions.

A device including an LED light source optically coupled to a green-emitting U.sup.6+-doped phosphor having a composition selected from the group consisting of U.sup.6+-doped phosphate-vanadate phosphors, U.sup.6+-doped halide phosphors, U.sup.6+-doped oxyhalide phosphors, U.sup.6+-doped silicate-germanate phosphors, U.sup.6+-doped alkali earth oxide phosphors, and combinations thereof, is presented. The U.sup.6+-doped phosphate-vanadate phosphors are selected from the group consisting of compositions of formulas (A1)-(A12). The U.sup.6+-doped halide phosphors are selected from the group consisting of compositions for formulas (B1)-(B3). The U.sup.6+-doped oxyhalide phosphors are selected from the group consisting of compositions of formulas (C1)-(C5). The U.sup.6+-doped silicate-germanate phosphors are selected from the group consisting of compositions of formulas (D1)-(D11). The U.sup.6+-doped alkali earth oxide phosphors are selected from the group consisting of formulas (E1)-(E11).