A negative electrode material applied to a lithium battery or a sodium battery is provided. The negative electrode material is composed of a first chemical element, a second chemical element and a third chemical element with an atomic ratio of x, 1x, and 2, wherein 0<x<1, the first chemical element is selected from the group consisting of molybdenum (Mo), chromium (Cr), tungsten (W), manganese (Mn), technetium (Tc) and rhenium (Re), the second chemical element is selected from the group consisting of Mo, Cr and W, the third chemical element is selected from the group consisting of sulfur (S), selenium (Se) and tellurium (Te), and the first chemical element is different from the second chemical element.

A system, method, and articles of manufacture for a surface-modified transition metal cyanide coordination compound (TMCCC) composition, an improved electrode including the composition, and a manufacturing method for the composition which may include multiple chelation species (Che_x). The composition, compound, device, and uses thereof according to A.sub.xMn.sub.(y-k)M.sup.j.sub.k[Mn.sup.m(CN).sub.(6-p-q)(NC).sub.p(Che_I).sup.r.sub.q].sub.z.CHE_GROUP (Vac).sub.(1-z).nH.sub.2O, wherein CHE_GROUP includes one or more chelation materials selected from the group consisting of (Che_I).sup.r.sub.w, (Che_II).sup.s.sub.v, and combinations thereof, and wherein 0<j4, 0k0.1, 0(p+q)6, 0<x4, 0<y1, 0<z1, 0<w0.2; 3r3; 0<v0.2; 3s3; and 0n6; wherein x+2(yk)+jk+(m+(r+1)q6)z+wr+vs=0.

A system, method, and articles of manufacture for a surface-modified transition metal cyanide coordination compound (TMCCC) composition, an improved electrode including the composition, and a manufacturing method for the composition which may include multiple chelation species (Che_x). The composition, compound, device, and uses thereof according to A.sub.xMn.sub.(y-k)M.sup.j.sub.k[Mn.sup.m(CN).sub.(6-p-q)(NC).sub.p(Che_I).sup.r.sub.q].sub.z. CHE_GROUP (Vac).sub.(1-z).nH.sub.2O, wherein CHE_GROUP includes one or more chelation materials selected from the group consisting of (Che_I).sup.r.sub.w, (Che_II).sup.s.sub.v, and combinations thereof, and wherein 0<j4, 0k0.1, 0(p+q)6, 0<x4, 0<y1, 0<z1, 0<w0.2; 3r3; 0<v0.2; 3s3; and 0n6; wherein x+2(yk)+jk+(m+(r+1)q6)z+wr+vs=0.

A hydrothermal synthesis for LiFePO.sub.4 is provided. First, each raw material solution is prepared using a degassed water in advance, second, those solution are mixed by dripping in a fixed order, and then those materials are reacted in a hydrothermal synthesis, so that LiFePO.sub.4 is obtained in a predesigned form.

Nanowires useful as heterogeneous catalysts are provided. The nanowires catalysts are useful in a variety of catalytic reactions, for example, the oxidative coupling of methane to ethylene. Related methods for use and manufacture of the same are also disclosed.

Nanowires useful as heterogeneous catalysts are provided. The nanowires catalysts are useful in a variety of catalytic reactions, for example, the oxidative coupling of methane to ethylene. Related methods for use and manufacture of the same are also disclosed.

Provided is a method for producing a near infrared-reflective black pigment containing at least the element calcium, the element titanium, and the element manganese, wherein the method produces a pigment that exhibits little of the elution of the element calcium and the element manganese that is caused by contact with acid. At least a calcium compound, a titanium compound, and a manganese compound are mixed by a wet grinding method and are calcined to provide a BET specific surface area of at least 1.0 m.sup.2/g and less than 3.0 m.sup.2/g. In another method, the element bismuth and/or the element aluminum is incorporated in a near infrared-reflective black pigment containing at least the element calcium, the element titanium, and the element manganese.

A system, method, and articles of manufacture for a surface-modified transition metal cyanide coordination compound (TMCCC) composition, an improved electrode including the composition, and a manufacturing method for the composition according to Formula IIIAn electrochemical cell including a system having an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte wherein the anode includes a material, including the material including at least one composition represented by Formula III: A.sub.xMn.sub.y[Mn(CN).sub.(6)].sub.z(Vac).sub.(1-z).n(H.sub.2O)m(Che) wherein, in Formula III, A includes one or more alkali metals including Na; and wherein 0<j4, 0k0.1, 1.2<x4, 0<y1, 0.8<z1, 0<n4; 0m0.2 and wherein x+2y4z=0.

A stable rhodochrosite comprising manganese carbonate (MnCO.sub.3) and 0.03-0.3 wt % of an anion or ligand of phosphoric acid (H.sub.3PO.sub.4), pyrophosphoric acid (H.sub.4P.sub.2O.sub.7), an organic acid, or a salt of such acids, or 0.03-0.3 wt % of a mixture of such anions and/or ligands. Also, a method of producing stable rhodochrosite comprising manganese carbonate (MnCO.sub.3) in which a rhodochrosite comprising manganese carbonate (MnCO.sub.3) is treated by applying an aqueous treatment solution of phosphoric acid (H.sub.3PO.sub.4), pyrophosphoric acid (H.sub.4P.sub.2O.sub.7), sulfuric acid (H.sub.2SO.sub.4), an organic acid, or a salt of such acids, or a mixture thereof and the treated rhodochrosite is dried to produce stable rhodochrosite.

A stable rhodochrosite comprising manganese carbonate (MnCO.sub.3) and 0.03-0.3 wt % of an anion or ligand of phosphoric acid (H.sub.3PO.sub.4), pyrophosphoric acid (H.sub.4P.sub.2O.sub.7), an organic acid, or a salt of such acids, or 0.03-0.3 wt % of a mixture of such anions and/or ligands. Also, a method of producing stable rhodochrosite comprising manganese carbonate (MnCO.sub.3) in which a rhodochrosite comprising manganese carbonate (MnCO.sub.3) is treated by applying an aqueous treatment solution of phosphoric acid (H.sub.3PO.sub.4), pyrophosphoric acid (H.sub.4P.sub.2O.sub.7), sulfuric acid (H.sub.2SO.sub.4), an organic acid, or a salt of such acids, or a mixture thereof and the treated rhodochrosite is dried to produce stable rhodochrosite.