Disclosed herein are the water clarification compositions and method of using the disclosed water clarification compositions for clarifying a water system or waste water source. Specifically, the disclosed compositions comprise and methods use multiple charged cationic or anionic compounds that are derived from polyamines through an aza-Michael addition with an activated olefin having an ionic group. The disclosed water clarification methods or compositions are found to be more effective than those methods or compositions including commonly used single quaternary compounds for reducing turbidity in water systems or waste water sources.

A method for desalinating a liquid, including: contacting, within a hydrate former reactor, a feed gas stream including iso-butane in an amount ranging from above zero mol % to about 3 mol % and liquid seawater or liquid wastewater including a dissolved salt, wherein a temperature and pressure within the hydrate former reactor is controlled so that the feed gas stream and the liquid seawater or liquid wastewater form a hydrate slurry; separating hydrate particles from the hydrate slurry; and decomposing the hydrate particles into its constituents of water and gas or gas mixture containing iso-butane, wherein the water has a concentration of the dissolved salt that is less than that of the liquid seawater or liquid wastewater.

The present invention refers to a process for the preparation of an aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate and its uses. The process is carried out in a reactor system that comprises a tank (1) equipped with a stirrer (2) and at least one filtering device (4).

The present invention refers to a process for the preparation of an aqueous solution comprising at least one earth alkali hydrogen carbonate and its uses.

An ionic liquid and a forward osmosis process employing the same are provided. The ionic liquid has a structure represented by Formula (I)
AB.sub.n  Formula (I),
wherein A is ##STR00001##
n is 1 or 2; m is 0, or an integer from 1 to 7; R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are independently methyl or ethyl; k is an integer from 3 to 8; B is ##STR00002##
i is independently 1, 2, or 3; and j is 5, 6, or 7. The forward osmosis process employing the ionic liquid is used to desalinate a brine via a forward osmosis (FO) model.

The invention relates to a method and an assembly for recovering magnesium ammonium phosphate from slurry that is supplied to a reaction container (10) in which an aerobic milieu is present and in which the slurry is guided in a circuit with the aid of ventilation. Cationic magnesium, such as magnesium chloride, is added to the slurry, and magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals which are precipitated from the slurry are removed via a removal device (30) provided in the base region of the reaction container. Substances which contain magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals collected in the removal device (30) are loosened and/or rinsed.

Method and apparatus pertaining to the production of hydrogen sulfide using sodium salts recycle. Sodium sulfate is reacted with a carbon containing stream to produce sodium sulfide and carbon dioxide. The sodium sulfide is blended with elemental sulfur and water. The blend is subjected to elevated temperatures and pressures to result in the production of hydrogen sulfide and sodium sulfate. A mixing apparatus, such as a bubble column reactor, has been found to be especially useful. The hydrogen sulfide can be used for removing metal from effluents.

The present disclosure relates to water purification devices, and more particularly to a purification filter element and a water purification cup. The purification filter element includes a housing including a sterilization case, an activated carbon filtering section and an ion exchange resin filtering section from bottom to top. The sterilization case includes a first casing which is filled with brominated polystyrene hydantoin and a first filter screen. A gap is formed between the bottoms of the first casing and the housing. A flow limit hole is provided at the bottom of the housing. The water purification cup includes the purification filter element and a cup body. A water feed cup is detachably fastened in the cup body. A bottom of the water feed cup is connected to the housing of the purification filter element through a connection hole.

A method of automatically controlling chloramine concentration in a body of water contained in a reservoir includes: (a) determining residual chloramine concentration in a first water sample obtained from the body of water; (b) automatically engaging a supply of chlorine to add chlorine to the body of water when the residual chloramine concentration in the first water sample is determined to be below a residual chloramine concentration set-point or a first chloramine concentration percentage; (c) determining residual chloramine concentration in a second water sample obtained from the body of water after step (b); and (d) automatically engaging a supply of ammonia and the supply of chlorine to add both ammonia and chlorine to the body of water if the residual chloramine concentration in the second water sample is determined to be below the residual chloramine concentration in the first water sample or a second chloramine concentration percentage.

Methods, systems, and techniques for desalinating monovalent anion species from wastewater. A system includes an electrodialysis stack that performs the desalination. The stack has a cathode, an anode, and at least one electrodialysis cell. The at least one electrodialysis cell includes a product chamber, a metal cation concentrating chamber adjacent to a cathodic side of the product chamber, and a transfer solution chamber adjacent to an anodic side of the product chamber. The product chamber and the metal cation concentrating chamber are each bounded by and share a cation exchange membrane, the product chamber and the transfer solution chamber are each bounded by and share a monovalent anion exchange membrane, and the transfer solution chamber is bounded on an anodic side by one of an anion exchange membrane and a monovalent anion exchange membrane. The wastewater may be generated by a flue gas desulfurization process.