A method may add whey to high calcium papermaking industrial wastewater blended and pre-acidification treatment to promote anaerobic reaction and inhibit calcification. The method includes, before anaerobic treatment of papermaking wastewater, mixing whey wastewater with the papermaking wastewater. The method also includes pre-treating the papermaking wastewater by acidification to stabilize the papermaking wastewater prior to entering an anaerobic reaction system.

An ion removal system includes: an ion removal device including a hard water storage configured to store hard water and a fine bubble generator configured to generate a fine bubble to supply the hard water storage with the fine bubble, for removing a metal ion from the hard water by adsorbing the metal ion in the hard water to the fines bubble in the hard water storage and crystallizing and precipitating the adsorbed metal ion; and a particle feeder configured to bring a particle containing a same element as that of the metal ion into the hard water at a feeding point, the feeding point being located upstream of the hard water storage or located in the hard water storage.

A composition for solid pellets and a process for removing water from particulate material slurries produced by horizontal drilling, vertical drilling and dredging of bodies of water are disclosed. The composition comprises a precipitating agent, a purification agent and, optionally, a binding agent. The process comprises the steps of 1) water removal accomplished by diffusing a chemical reagent into the particulate material source stream that results in separating out a clean water fraction and 2) reacting the sludge with a demulsifier and a superabsorbent polymer that locks onto the water in the remaining slurry thus turning the slurry into a solid crust. The crust is ground into a particulate form and disposed in a landfill. The combined effect of the treatments is the thickening of the particulate material slurry from about 10% solids to about 25% solids. The removed water may be used for further drilling and drinking.

A sulphur denitrification system includes a liquid input fluidly coupled to a source of saltwater that includes nitrate; a liquid output fluidly coupled to the source of saltwater; a plurality of vertically-oriented tanks, at least one of the tanks including a liquid inlet that is fluidly coupled to the liquid input to receive a flow of the saltwater, a volume configured to enclose a plurality of sulphur particles that support denitrification bacteria that biologically transform the nitrate into at least one of nitrous oxide or nitrogen gas, and a liquid outlet fluidly coupled to the liquid output and the liquid inlets of the tanks; and a circulation system configured to circulate a portion of the saltwater though the liquid input to the liquid inlets of the plurality of tanks, through the plurality of tanks, and from the liquid outlets of the tanks to the liquid output and the liquid inlets of the tanks.

Disclosed is a filter media for removing contaminants such as organic acids from water. The filter media comprises porous particles. The particles have a total pore volume greater than about 0.4 cc/g. The pore volume is primarily or substantially comprised of epipores, that is, pores that are larger than about 5 nm. The filter media may also include a non-porous filter material and a binder. The filter media may be formed into a filter element, with the binder joining particles of the filter media together into a solid body. The percentage of the total pore volume provided by epipores is greater than about 40%. The filter reduces an initial concentration of an organic acid by greater than 80% at a flux greater than 0.76 ml/min/cm.sup.2.

An oil or gas recovery process (10) is disclosed where resulting produced water includes silica. The process entails removing silica from the produced water via a two-stage process. In the first stage, magnesium oxide is injected into a Magnesium Dissolution Reactor (18) and mixed with the produced water to dissolve magnesium. Effluent from the Magnesium Dissolution Reactor (18) is directed downstream to a warm lime softener (22) where one or more alkaline chemicals are added to the produced water to raise the pH to approximately 10.0 to 11.5. Here, silica is co-precipitated with magnesium hydroxide and/or adsorbed onto magnesium hydroxide precipitates.

A method of automatically controlling chloramine concentration in a body of water contained in a reservoir includes: (a) determining residual chloramine concentration in a first water sample obtained from the body of water; (b) automatically engaging a supply of chlorine to add chlorine to the body of water when the residual chloramine concentration in the first water sample is determined to be below a residual chloramine concentration set-point or a first chloramine concentration percentage; (c) determining residual chloramine concentration in a second water sample obtained from the body of water after step (b); and (d) automatically engaging a supply of ammonia and the supply of chlorine to add both ammonia and chlorine to the body of water if the residual chloramine concentration in the second water sample is determined to be below the residual chloramine concentration in the first water sample or a second chloramine concentration percentage.

An eco-friendly water filtration apparatus. The apparatus may comprise a lid comprising openings that allow water to flow into the apparatus, and an enclosure that is open at one end and comprises openings at the opposing end that allow water to flow out of the apparatus. The enclosure may be configured to receive a pod of activated carbon, while allowing removal of the pod, and the lid may be configured to attach to and detach from the enclosure at the enclosure's open end.

A method for producing an ionized water product for coffee comprises the steps of introducing source water to an ionization system, passing the source water through one or more reaction vessels, wherein one or more ionic species are introduced into the source water, and combining products of one or more reaction vessels to produce the ionized water product having between about 10 ppm to about 40 ppm magnesium ions, about 10 ppm to about 40 ppm calcium ions, and about 40 ppm to about 90 ppm total of bicarbonate and carbonate ions.

Glycine is an organic compound that can be used in the making of a synthetic acid that obviates all the drawbacks of strong acids such as hydrochloric acid. The new compound is made by dissolving glycine in water, in a weight ratio of approximately 1:1 to 1:1.5. The solution is mixed until the glycine is essentially fully dissolved in the water. Once dissolution is complete, hydrogen chloride gas is dissolved in the solution to produce the new compound, which can be referred to as hydrogen glycine. Also disclosed is a method for adjusting the pH of a fluid, the method comprising adding an effective amount of a solution to the fluid for adjusting the pH thereof to a desired level, wherein the solution is prepared by mixing glycine in water to form a glycine solution; and adding hydrogen chloride to the glycine solution.