The present disclosure relates to a method for producing a reference electrode, wherein an internal space of the reference electrode is delimited by an outer wall and wherein the internal space contains a reference electrolyte up to a specified height, wherein the reference electrode is introduced into a pressurization chamber, wherein a defined overpressure is applied to the pressurization chamber and, via an opening that is located above the specified height in the outer wall of the reference electrode to the internal space of the reference electrode, and wherein the opening in the outer wall of the reference electrode is closed at the defined overpressure . The present disclosure further relates to a device for carrying out the method.

A process of producing a glass includes preparing a glass material including silicates; coating a refractory material on the glass material to form a refractory glass material capable of being resistant to 500-1,200 C.; subjecting the refractory glass material to heat to be deformed; shaping the deformed refractory glass material to form a half-finished product having a curved shape by molding; and cooling the half-finished product to produce a finished product. In one embodiment, the refractory material is insulating. In another embodiment, the refractory material is conductive.

A manufacturing method for a mold die comprising: making design data for a molding surface based on predetermined prescription information; creating the molding surface in accordance with the design data; specifying error amounts at first and second corresponding points defined on the created molding surface respectively corresponding first and second reference points; defining a first correction surface based on an error amount specified at the first corresponding point; of defining a second correction surface based on the first correction surface and an error amount specified at the second corresponding point, wherein the second correction surface has no power at the first corresponding point; combining a design surface by the design data, the first correction surface and the second correction surface, and corrects the design data based on combined data after the combining; and creating the molding surface in accordance with the corrected design data.

The present disclosure provides an improved production method for optical elements. In this case, it is desirable to achieve high contour accuracy and/or surface quality for optical elements or lenses or headlight lens. In addition, it is desirable to reduce the costs of a production process for objective lenses and/or headlights, microprojectors or vehicle headlights.

Methods of forming a glass article are disclosed. In one embodiment, a method of forming a glass article includes translating a pulsed laser beam on a glass substrate sheet to form a laser damage region between a first surface and a second surface of the glass substrate sheet. The method further includes applying an etchant solution to the glass substrate sheet to remove a portion of the glass substrate sheet about the laser damage region. The method may further include strengthening the glass substrate sheet by an ion-exchange strengthening process, and coating the glass substrate sheet with an acid-resistant coating. Also disclosed are methods where the laser damage region has an initial geometry that changes to a desired geometry following the reforming of the glass substrate sheet such that the initial geometry of the laser damage region compensates for the bending of the glass substrate sheet.

Presented is a method for the surface treatment of objects utilizing thermal plasma, including cascade plasma, and a wrap, such as tape or foil, where the tape or foil attracts the specific part of the plasma which produces a heat necessary to produce the desired treatment. The specific surface treatment may include, but is not limited to, hard-facing, brazing, welding, other types of joining operations, glass bending or forming, glass texturing, coating and surface reconditioning.

A long-term bendable glass material includes a glass material having a bending radius in a range of 1 mm to 10.sup.7 mm. The glass material is structured such that a number of breaks developing over a course of time after a storage period of at least one day displays a remaining probability of breaking of less than 0.1 for a storage time period of a maximum of half a year.

An optical interface device for optically connecting photonic devices to optical device along with methods of making. The method includes providing a glass support member that is either monolithic or laminated. A laser beam is used to write cores in the body of the support member. The support member includes a bend section and the cores generally follow the bend section and serve to define curved optical waveguides. The cores provide strong out-of-plane optical confinement, thereby allowing for strong bends and therefore a compact design for the optical interface device.

The pressure sensor of the invention includes at least one platform, at least one measuring membrane 30, and a transducer, wherein the measuring membrane comprises a semiconductor material, wherein the measuring membrane, enclosing a pressure chamber, is secured on the platform, wherein the measuring membrane is contactable with at least one pressure and is elastically deformable in a pressure-dependent manner, wherein the transducer provides an electrical signal dependent on deformation of the measuring membrane, wherein the platform has a membrane bed, on which the measuring membrane lies in the case of overload, in order to support the measuring membrane, wherein the membrane bed 21 has a glass layer 20, whose surface faces the measuring membrane and forms a wall of the pressure chamber, wherein the surface of the glass layer has a contour, which is suitable for supporting the measuring membrane 30 in the case of overload, characterized in that the contour of the membrane bed 21 is obtainable by a sagging of an unsupported region of a glass plate at increased temperature, due to the force of gravity on the unsupported region of the glass plate, and subsequent cooling of the glass plate.

A device for the gravity-bending of a glass sheet, includes a longitudinal roughing mold including two longitudinal roughing supports, and a finishing frame including two lateral finishing supports and two longitudinal finishing supports, the supports forming shaping rails. The distance between middles of the longitudinal finishing supports is shorter than that between middles of the lateral finishing supports. The roughing mold and finishing frame are movable vertically relative to each other during bending to switch from a rough-bending to a final-bending configuration. In the rough-bending configuration, the shaping rails of the longitudinal roughing supports are higher up than those of the longitudinal finishing support. In the final-bending configuration, the shaping rails of the longitudinal finishing supports are higher up than those of the longitudinal roughing supports. The shaping rails of the lateral finishing supports are the only ones under lateral edges of the glass in the roughing and final-bending configurations.