Methods for engineered mesoporous cellular magmatics and articles thereof are disclosed. For example, the magmatics may include a mixture of substance that, when exposed to heat for a length of time, form a foamed mass. The foamed mass may be exposed to a solution configured to cause mineralization upon and within the articles.

The present disclosure relates to fusion formable highly crystalline glass-ceramic articles whose composition lies within the SiO.sub.2—R.sub.2O.sub.3—Li.sub.2O/Na.sub.2O—TiO.sub.2 system and which contain a silicate crystalline phase comprised of lithium aluminosilicate (β-spodumene and/or β-quartz solid solution) lithium metasilicate and/or lithium disilicate. Additionally, these silicate-crystal containing glass-ceramics can exhibit varying Na.sub.2O to Li.sub.2O molar ratio extending from the surface to the bulk of the glass article, particularly a decreasing Li.sub.2O concentration and an increasing Na.sub.2O concentration from surface to bulk. According to a second embodiment, disclosed herein is a method for forming a silicate crystalline phase-containing glass ceramic.

Optically transparent glass ceramic materials comprising a glass phase containing and a crystalline tungsten bronze phase comprising nanoparticles and having the formula M.sub.xWO.sub.3, where M includes at least one H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Ca, Sr, Ba, Zn, Cu, Ag, Sn, Cd, In, Tl, Pb, Bi, Th, La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, and U, and where 0<x<1. Aluminosilicate and zinc-bismuth-borate glasses comprising at least one of Sm.sub.2O.sub.3, Pr.sub.2O.sub.3, and Er.sub.2O.sub.3 are also provided.

The present invention relates to a chemically strengthened glass having a haze value in terms of a thickness of 0.7 mm of 0.5% or less, having a surface compressive stress value of 400 MPa or more, having a depth of a compressive stress layer of 70 μm or more, having an ST limit of 18000 MPa.Math.μm to 30000 MPa.Math.μm, and being a glass ceramic including at least one of a Li.sub.3PO.sub.4 crystal and a Li.sub.4SiO.sub.4 crystal, or including a solid solution crystal of Li.sub.3PO.sub.4 or Li.sub.4SiO.sub.4 or a solid solution of both Li.sub.3PO.sub.4 and Li.sub.4SiO.sub.4.

The present invention relates to a glass ceramic having a lithium aluminosilicate composition and including a crystal and a residual glass, in which the residual glass has a composition including, in terms of mol % based on oxides: 25% to 70% of SiO.sub.2; 3% to 35% of Al.sub.2O.sub.3; 0.1% to 20% of Li.sub.2O; 0.1% to 20% of Na.sub.2O; 0% to 10% of K.sub.2O; and 1% to 15% of ZrO.sub.2, and a parameter V is −600 or more and 720 or less, the parameter V being calculated based on the following formula: V=49.589×[SiO.sub.2]+61.806×[Al.sub.2O.sub.3]+45.456×[P.sub.2O.sub.5]+41.151×[MgO]+110.26×[CaO]+50.263×[SrO]+55.693×[Li.sub.2O]+3.598×[Na.sub.2O]+9.503×[K.sub.2O]+6.83×[TiO.sub.2]−2.885×[ZrO.sub.2]−3746.99.

The present invention relates to a glass ceramic having a lithium aluminosilicate composition and including a crystal and a residual glass, in which the residual glass has a composition including, in terms of mol % based on oxides: 25% to 70% of SiO.sub.2; 3% to 35% of Al.sub.2O.sub.3; 0.1% to 20% of Li.sub.2O; 0.1% to 20% of Na.sub.2O; 0% to 10% of K.sub.2O; and 1% to 15% of ZrO.sub.2, and a parameter V is −600 or more and 720 or less, the parameter V being calculated based on the following formula: V=49.589×[SiO.sub.2]+61.806×[Al.sub.2O.sub.3]+45.456×[P.sub.2O.sub.5]+41.151×[MgO]+110.26×[CaO]+50.263×[SrO]+55.693×[Li.sub.2O]+3.598×[Na.sub.2O]+9.503×[K.sub.2O]+6.83×[TiO.sub.2]−2.885×[ZrO.sub.2]−3746.99.

A glass article includes a central layer including a first crystalline phase having a first coefficient of thermal expansion and a surface layer surrounding an entirety of the central layer and including a second crystalline phase having a second coefficient of thermal expansion smaller than the first coefficient of thermal expansion. Accordingly, the strength of the glass article may be improved.

Embodiments of a method of forming a glass article are disclosed. The methods include supplying a glass ribbon in a first direction and redirecting the glass ribbon to a second direction different from the first direction without contacting the glass ribbon with a solid material. The glass ribbon may exhibit a viscosity of less than about 10.sup.8 Poise and a thickness of about 1 mm or less. Embodiments of a glass or glass-ceramic forming apparatus are also disclosed. The apparatus may include a glass feed device for supplying a glass ribbon in a first direction and a redirection system disposed underneath the glass feed device for redirecting the glass ribbon to a second direction. In one or more embodiments, the redirection system comprising at least one gas bearing system for supplying a gas film to support the glass ribbon.

Embodiments of a method of forming a glass article are disclosed. The methods include supplying a glass ribbon in a first direction and redirecting the glass ribbon to a second direction different from the first direction without contacting the glass ribbon with a solid material. The glass ribbon may exhibit a viscosity of less than about 10.sup.8 Poise and a thickness of about 1 mm or less. Embodiments of a glass or glass-ceramic forming apparatus are also disclosed. The apparatus may include a glass feed device for supplying a glass ribbon in a first direction and a redirection system disposed underneath the glass feed device for redirecting the glass ribbon to a second direction. In one or more embodiments, the redirection system comprising at least one gas bearing system for supplying a gas film to support the glass ribbon.

A glass ceramic contains the following components by wt %: 60 to 80% of SiO.sub.2; 4 to 20% of Al.sub.2O.sub.3; 0 to 15% of Li.sub.2O; more than 0 but less than or equal to 12% of Na.sub.2O; 0 to 5% of K.sub.2O; more than 0 but less than or equal to 5% of ZrO.sub.2; 0 to 5% of P.sub.2O.sub.5; and 0 to 10% of TiO.sub.2. A crystalline phase contains at least one of R.sub.2SiO.sub.3, R.sub.2Si.sub.2O.sub.5, R.sub.2TiO.sub.3, R.sub.4Ti.sub.5O.sub.12, R.sub.3PO.sub.3, RAlSi.sub.2O.sub.6, RAlSiO.sub.4O.sub.10, R.sub.2Al.sub.2Si.sub.2O.sub.8, R.sub.4Al.sub.4Si.sub.5O.sub.18, quartz and quartz solid solution. With a liquidus temperature below 1,450° C., a thermal conductivity above 2 w/m.Math.k, and a Vickers hardness above 600 kgf/mm2, the glass ceramic is applicable to portable electronic devices and optical devices.