An antifouling layer-attached glass substrate includes a glass substrate having a pair of main surfaces facing each other, and an antifouling layer formed on or above at least one main surface of the glass substrate. At the time of measuring an absorbance inside the antifouling layer-attached glass substrate by a Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer according to ATR method (Attenuated Total Reflection) from a surface on a side where the antifouling layer is formed, in the case where an absorbance value at 3,955 cm.sup.−1 is set to 0.10, a value (H.sub.2O absorbance) obtained by subtracting, as a base, the absorbance value at 3,955 cm.sup.−1 from a peak value of an absorbance peak which appears around 3,400 cm.sup.−1 is 0.010 or more.

A strengthened glass has a mirror constant A of 1.97 MPa.Math.m.sup.0.5 or less, a surface compressive stress (CS) of 10 MPa or more. A product (t×CS) of a sheet thickness t (unit: mm) and the CS (unit: MPa) is less than 230. The strengthened glass may have a fictive temperature at a central portion in a sheet thickness t direction of not lower than a glass transition temperature Tg and Tg+100° C. or lower.

An apparatus and a method for continuously manufacturing tempered glass are provided. The tempered glass is continuously manufactured by transferring the raw glass in one direction, spraying a boiled potassium nitrate solution to the raw glass to reinforce the raw glass, and recovering and reusing the potassium nitrate solution from the raw glass. This invention can reduce the time to manufacture tempered glass since you can manufacture tempered glass consecutively, and the cost of purchasing potassium nitrate solutions can be reduced, which has an economic advantage. Since the raw glass is preheated, strengthened and annealed by divided sections of preheating, strengthening and annealing section in one furnace, it is less likely that impurities will be attached to the raw glass due to low external exposure during each process movement, thus preventing deterioration of quality.

A method for producing microstructures includes introducing modifications by a laser beam into a volume between two opposite outer surfaces of a glass substrate. An etching method is carried out which provides anisotropic material removal in one of the outer surfaces so as to produce recesses that have a conical shape. A layer that is resistant to an etching effect of the etching method is applied as a cover layer to only one outer surface. Then, a further etching method is carried out so that material is removed in the other outer surface until recesses of this other outer surface, which are produced and/or enlarged by the further etching method, have reached the cover layer.

Provided is a method of manufacturing a glass sheet having a through hole, including: a first step of preparing a glass sheet (1); and a second step of forming a through hole (2) in the glass sheet (1), wherein the first step includes, under conditions of: θ representing an inclination angle of an inner wall surface (2a) of the through hole (2) with respect to a sheet thickness direction; D representing a minimum hole width of the through hole (2); and an allowable variation range of the minimum hole width D being represented by A % of the minimum hole width D, preparing the glass sheet (1) for which a sheet thickness variation range ΔT satisfies the following relationship when the through hole (2) is gradually widened toward only one side of the sheet thickness direction: ΔT≤(D×A/tan θ)/200.

A plasma treatment method is provided. The method includes generating a planar plasma in a plasma treatment chamber, observing an effective influence region of the planar plasma by using an optical observation system in which an observation lens has a transparent substrate and a fluorescent coating thereon, adjusting a location of the observation lens to observe a brightness change of the fluorescent coating and the transparent substrate to obtain a location and a thickness range of the effective influence region of the planar plasma, and then adjusting a location of the observation lens to observe a brightness change of the fluorescent coating and the transparent substrate to obtain a location and a thickness range of the effective influence region of the planar plasma. A location of a sample is adjusted to within the effective influence region, and a plasma treatment is then performed on the sample.

Described is a method of processing an antimicrobial glass substrate. More particularly, described is a method of removing one or more of silver nitrate or silver oxide on the surface of an antimicrobial glass substrate. Also described is a method of manufacturing a glass substrate that is substantially free of yellow discoloration.

A groove having any length is manufactured in a quartz-based waveguide chip without limitation of a chip size. A marker indicating a planned cutting line extending from a connection end surface of a quartz-based waveguide chip in an in-chip plane direction is formed in advance by processing a core layer of the waveguide of the quartz-based waveguide chip, an irradiation position of laser light is aligned with a position of a starting point of the marker in a state where quartz-based waveguide chip is placed on a stage, and a groove is manufactured in the connection end surface of the quartz-based waveguide chip by moving the stage in the extending direction of the marker while irradiating the quartz-based waveguide chip with the laser light from an upper side.

An inorganic porous carrier including a linker of formula (1) and having mode diameter of 0.04 μm to 1 μm in a pore distribution and the density of voids having an opening area of 0.0025 μm.sup.2 or more of 12 to 30 voids/μm.sup.2 [a bond * represents a linkage to the oxygen atom in a silanol group of an inorganic porous substance; n is an integer; R represents an alkyl group containing 3 to 10 carbon atoms which may optionally have a substituent such as an alkoxy group; and L represents a single bond; an alkylene group of 1 to 20 carbon atoms; or an alkylene group containing 2 to 20 carbon atoms containing —CH.sub.2-Q-CH.sub.2— group wherein Q selected from a group consisting of —O— etc. is inserted into at least one of —CH.sub.2—CH.sub.2— group constituting the alkylene group]; and a method for preparing a nucleic acid using the same.

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A manufacturing method of a window includes: radiating a laser to a glass; immersing a laser-irradiated glass in a KOH solution to form a groove in the glass and to perform a primary reinforcement on the glass; masking the groove of a primarily reinforced glass; and performing a secondary reinforcement on a masked glass.