Methods, apparatus, and systems for mitigating pinhole defects in optical devices such as electrochromic windows. One method mitigates a pinhole defect in an electrochromic device by identifying the site of the pinhole defect and obscuring the pinhole to make it less visually discernible. In some cases, the pinhole defect may be the result of mitigating a short-related defect.

A glass with a reinforced layer is provided, including a glass body and the reinforced layer formed in a surface of the glass body. The compressive stress of the reinforced layer trends to decrease non-linearly from the surface of the glass body to the interior of the glass body. The compressive stress curve of the reinforced layer has an inflection point. The gradient of a first curve section in front of the inflection point is greater than the gradient of a second curve section behind the inflection point. The overall refractive index of the reinforced layer trends to decrease non-linearly from the surface of the glass body to the interior of the glass body. The refractive index curve of the reinforced layer has at least two inflection points. Furthermore, a method for preparing the glass with a reinforced layer is provided.

A method of manufacturing a window member includes performing a first reinforcement operation including performing a first ion-exchange treatment on an initial window member. The first ion-exchange treatment includes applying ion salts at a temperature equal to or greater than a first temperature of about 500° C. A stress relief operation includes performing a heat treatment and/or a salt treatment on the initial window member to which the first reinforcement operation is performed. A second reinforcement operation includes performing a second ion-exchange treatment on the initial window member to which the stress relief operation is performed.

A glass member includes a recessed portion, wherein in cross-sectional view, an angle formed between a principal surface of the glass member and an edge face of an opening of the recessed portion is 90 degrees to 130 degrees.

Gradient refractive index lenses (GRI-Ls) and methods of fabricating the same are provided. GRI-Ls can be fabricated by stereolithography (SLA) and/or photo-assisted, thermal-assisted, and/or other laser-based curing from at least two precursors with a preset refractive index gradation along the planar axis. These lenses are self-focusing lenses and may be convergent or divergent for decreasing and increasing refractive indices from the center, respectively. Rather than a gradation in lens thickness from the center, the GRI-Ls can have a gradation of composition from the center.

A cover window manufacturing system comprises a laser irradiation apparatus including a stage configured to receive a substrate. A first laser module is disposed above the stage to provide a first laser beam to a top surface of the substrate. A controller controls a position of a focal point of the first laser beam on the substrate. An etching apparatus includes a chamber having an etching solution disposed therein. The etching apparatus is configured to receive the substrate processed by the laser irradiation apparatus and etch the substrate processed by the laser irradiation apparatus by immersion in the etching solution.

Glass articles with infrared reflectivity and methods for making the same are disclosed herein. In one embodiment, glass article having infrared reflectivity includes a first surface, a second surface and a body extending between the first and second surfaces. A plurality of discrete layers of metallic silver are formed in the body creating at least one optical cavity in the body. Each discrete layer may have a thickness T such that 100 nm≤T≤250 nm and may be spaced apart from adjacent layers of metallic silver by a spacing S≤500. The glass article reflects at least a portion of electromagnetic radiation incident on the glass article having a wavelength from 800 nm to 2500 nm and transmits at least a portion of electromagnetic radiation incident on the glass article having a wavelength from 390 nm to 750 nm.

The invention relates to a method for manufacturing a hollow glass article including a step of marking the hollow glass article thus formed by laser, the surface of the hollow glass article being at a temperature between 400° C. and 600° C. The marking step consists in making filiform decorations by producing at least one continuous and shiny groove on the surface of the hollow glass article.

Apparatuses and methods for glass laminates having a controlled coefficient of thermal expansion are disclosed. In C one embodiment, a glass laminate includes a glass core having a core thickness (T.sub.core) and a core coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE.sub.core), a first glass cladding layer and a second glass cladding layer. The first glass cladding layer and the second glass cladding layer are arranged such that the glass core is disposed between the first glass cladding layer and the second glass cladding layer. The first glass cladding layer has a first cladding thickness (T.sub.clad1) and a first clad coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE.sub.clad1), and the second glass cladding layer has a second cladding thickness (T.sub.clad2) and a second clad coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE.sub.clad2). The glass laminate has a laminate coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE.sub.L) within a range of about 35×10.sup.−7/° C. to about 90×10.sup.−7/° C., the laminate coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE.sub.L) defined by: CTE.sub.L=((CTE.sub.core×T.sub.core)+(CTE.sub.clad1×T.sub.clad1)+(CTE.sub.clad2× T.sub.clad2))/(T.sub.core+T.sub.clad1+T.sub.clad2).

A method of forming a strengthened glass article is provided. The method includes providing a strengthened glass article. The strengthened glass article is in the form of a container including a sidewall having an exterior surface and an interior surface that encloses an interior volume. The sidewall has an exterior strengthened surface layer that includes the exterior surface, an interior strengthened surface layer that includes the interior surface and a central layer between the exterior strengthened surface layer and the interior strengthened surface layer that is under a tensile stress. A laser-induced intended line of separation is formed in the central layer at a predetermined depth between the exterior strengthened surface layer and the interior strengthened surface layer by irradiating the sidewall with a laser without separating the glass article.