The activation of the CH bond using low temperature plasma with an inlet liquid stream such that value added products are formed effectively. An organic liquid (e.g., hexane which is immiscible with liquid water) is injected into a flowing gas (argon) stream followed by mixing with a liquid water stream. Thereafter, the mixture contacts a plasma region formed by a pulsed electric discharge. The plasma formed with the flowing liquid and gas between the two electrodes causes chemical reactions that generate various compounds.

Disclosed herein are methods of increasing nitrogen fixation in a non-leguminous plant. The methods can comprise exposing the plant to a plurality of bacteria. Each member of the plurality comprises one or more genetic variations introduced into one or more genes or non-coding polynucleotides of the bacteria's nitrogen fixation or assimilation genetic regulatory network, such that the bacteria are capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the presence of exogenous nitrogen. The bacteria are not intergeneric microorganisms. Additionally, the bacteria, in planta, produce 1% or more of the fixed nitrogen in the plant.

A reactor system that includes a single reactor or a plurality of parallel reactors. A method that includes injecting a mixture including liquid water and a gas, into at least one electrically-conductive inlet capillary tube of a continuously-flowing plasma reactor to generate a flowing liquid film region on one or more internal walls of the continuously-flowing plasma reactor with a gas stream flowing through the flowing liquid film region; propagating a plasma discharge along the flowing liquid film region from at least one electrically-conductive inlet capillary to an electrically-conductive outlet capillary tube at an opposing end of the continuously-flowing plasma reactor; dissociating the liquid water in the plasma discharge to form a plurality of dissociation products; producing hydrogen peroxide and nitrogen oxides from the plurality of dissociation products.

A reactor system that includes a single reactor or a plurality of parallel reactors. A method that includes injecting a mixture including liquid water and a gas, into at least one electrically-conductive inlet capillary tube of a continuously-flowing plasma reactor to generate a flowing liquid film region on one or more internal walls of the continuously-flowing plasma reactor with a gas stream flowing through the flowing liquid film region; propagating a plasma discharge along the flowing liquid film region from at least one electrically-conductive inlet capillary to an electrically-conductive outlet capillary tube at an opposing end of the continuously-flowing plasma reactor; dissociating the liquid water in the plasma discharge to form a plurality of dissociation products; producing hydrogen peroxide and nitrogen oxides from the plurality of dissociation products.

The present disclosure concerns a method for producing fertilizer particles comprising an alternative source of boron. It is found that certain colemanite and ulexite powders can be supplied to a fertilizer melt shortly before granulation essentially without dissolving into the melt. Accordingly, the fertilizer particles produced from the melt may contain negligible amounts or non-detectable levels of sodium borates or boric acid. Furthermore, the fertilizer particles can be homogeneous which is desirable for boron supplying fertilizers. It is also found that the fertilizer particles can supply boron to plants at a rate comparable to borax pentahydrate.

Provided is an organic-inorganic polymeric water-retaining fertilizer, which is a co-polymer made by fusion and co-polymerization of an organic water-retaining monomer and an inorganic nutrient under action of a catalyst, a biological enzyme and a modifying agent. The co-polymer is of a three-dimensional mesh-like hydrophilic group structure. In a method for preparing the organic-inorganic polymeric water-retaining fertilizer, after obtaining a neutralized pre-polymer from the organic monomer with the catalyst, an initiator and a cross-linking agent are added; the inorganic nutrient and a metasilicate are added simultaneously, a solution is formed by stirring sufficiently; the biological enzyme is added for catalysis; a co-polymer is obtained after fusion and co-polymerization; and granulation and drying are carried out. Preferably, the catalyst is an inorganic alkaline solution. Preferably, the catalyst is selected from the group consisting of a sodium hydroxide solution, a potassium hydroxide solution, an ammonia water and a calcium hydroxide solution.

Provided is an organic-inorganic polymeric water-retaining fertilizer, which is a co-polymer made by fusion and co-polymerization of an organic water-retaining monomer and an inorganic nutrient under action of a catalyst, a biological enzyme and a modifying agent. The co-polymer is of a three-dimensional mesh-like hydrophilic group structure. In a method for preparing the organic-inorganic polymeric water-retaining fertilizer, after obtaining a neutralized pre-polymer from the organic monomer with the catalyst, an initiator and a cross-linking agent are added; the inorganic nutrient and a metasilicate are added simultaneously, a solution is formed by stirring sufficiently; the biological enzyme is added for catalysis; a co-polymer is obtained after fusion and co-polymerization; and granulation and drying are carried out. Preferably, the catalyst is an inorganic alkaline solution. Preferably, the catalyst is selected from the group consisting of a sodium hydroxide solution, a potassium hydroxide solution, an ammonia water and a calcium hydroxide solution.

Biochars and methods for treating biochars are provided that are useful in various applications, including, but not limited to, applications related to the raising, care, maintenance, disease prevention, disease treatment and odor control of animals.

Biochars and methods for treating biochars are provided that are useful in various applications, including, but not limited to, applications related to the raising, care, maintenance, disease prevention, disease treatment and odor control of animals.

A method of producing a fertiliser composition, the method comprising: (a) providing a composition comprising an amino compound; (b) contacting the composition provided in step (a) with a composition comprising carbon dioxide; and (c) adding a composition comprising cellulosic fibres to the mixture obtained in step (b).